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Routledge Handbook on Islam in Asia PDF

384 Pages·2021·74.496 MB·English
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v ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK ON ISLAM IN ASIA Edited by Chiara Formichi vi First published 2022 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Chiara Formichi; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Chiara Formichi to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing- in- Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978- 0- 367- 22528- 5 (hbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 032- 10664- 9 (pbk) ISBN: 978- 0- 429- 27536- 4 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/ 9780429275364 Typeset in Bembo by Newgen Publishing UK vii CONTENTS List of figures x Editorial board xii Notes on contributors xiii Acknowledgements xvii PART I Frames 1 1 Studying Islam: The view from Asia 3 Chiara Formichi 2 Minoritization, racialization, and Islam in Asia 16 Ilyse R. Morgenstein Fuerst 3 The five pillars and Indonesia’s musical soundscape 31 Anne K. Rasmussen 4 Islam and Sanskritic imaginaires in southern Asia: Mount Meru in Arabia 51 Torsten Tschacher 5 Islamic feminisms in Asia: Trials and tribulations for Muslim women 66 Huma Ahmed- Ghosh vii viii Contents PART II Authority and authorizing practices 79 6 Eastern African doyens in South Asia: Premodern Islamic intellectual interactions 81 Mahmood Kooria 7 The making of Qīz Bībī in Central Asia’s oral shrine traditions: From the Great Lady to a fourteen- year- old virgin 94 Aziza Shanazarova 8 The Ismailis of Badakhshan: Conversion and narrative in highland Asia 109 Daniel Beben 9 Islamic law in Xinjiang 125 Eric Schluessel 10 Major turning points for Shiʿi Islam in modern South Asia: Princely states, partition, and a revolution 138 Simon Wolfgang Fuchs 11 Making Islamic finance in South Asia: The state, the seminary, and the business corporation 154 Sohaib Khan 12 In the halal zones of Malaysia and Singapore 168 Johan Fischer PART III Muslim spatialities 181 13 South Asian Shi’i sacred geography: Tracing ʿAli’s footprints 183 Karen G. Ruffle 14 Muslim pilgrimage in Southeast Asia: Saints among the rice fields 196 Sophia Rose Arjana 15 Ḥaḍramī Sufi- scholars and their shrines in Southeast Asia: A geography of sanctity 209 Ismail Fajrie Alatas 16 Sacred spaces and the making of Sufism in Sri Lanka: Between violence and piety 225 Merin Shobhana Xavier viii ix Contents 17 Muslim interactions between Central Asia, China, and imperial Japan 241 Kelly A. Hammond 18 Mosque architecture and decoration in China 253 Nancy S. Steinhardt PART IV Imaginations of piety 267 19 Mapping the trajectory of Islam in Chinese terms: Community matters 269 Roberta Tontini 20 The “moral background” of work in Central Asia: The sacred in the mundane 282 Jeanine Dağyeli 21 Pious lives of Soviet Muslims 296 Eren Tasar 22 Two Deobandi views on being Muslim in India: Indian bodies, Meccan hearts 310 Brannon D. Ingram 23 The Tablighi Jama’at movement in maritime Southeast Asia: Piety in motion 323 Farish A. Noor 24 A tree enrooted: African Sufi saints as “lineage deities” of a Muslim community of East African ancestry in Western India (Gujarat and Mumbai) 335 Jazmin Graves Glossary 351 Index 353 ix x FIGURES 1.1 Advertisement for “Malaysia Drink” in Turfan (Xinjiang, China) (© Chiara Formichi). 4 3.1 Poster for a competition (lomba) in Ramadan “wake- up” music, or patrol. Note that the person depicted is wearing traditional Javanese Muslim dress, the sarong and peci (cap), is beating a kentongan with a stick and proclaiming “sahur sahur,” the word for the Ramadan pre- dawn breakfast. Courtesy of Leo Zainy. 39 3.2 The group Trisula warms up before their turn on the competition stage at Malang Town Square. Instruments R to L: xylophone (calung), snare drum, cymbal, anklung, ketongan (held by musician seated facing the camera) plastic water jug, bass drum (jidor). Photo by Anne K. Rasmussen. 40 3.3 A Ramadan card from the public relations manager for the National Zakat Agency (Badan Zakat Nasional) Yudhiarma and his family. “Happy Idul Fitri 1441 H [Hijri calendar, aka 2020]. Let us hope that the struggle of Ramadhan, fasting, and Zakat will make us tougher and always grateful throughout our lives. Forgive me, body and soul.” Used by permission. 41 3.4 The qasida moderen group, Nasida Ria performs at the Dugderan Festival in Semarang, Spring 2017. Hj. Nadhiroh, violin; Hj. Hamidah, mandolin; Hj. Afuwah, drums/kendang; Hj. Rien Jamain, vocalist and emcee; Titik Mukaromah, guitar; Siti Romna keyboard. Photo by Anne K. Rasmussen. 45 6.1 A thirteenth- century bilingual inscription (in Arabic and Malayalam) kept at the outer wall of the Muccunti Mosque in Calicut. The Arabic part says that Shihāb al- Dīn Marjān (or Rayḥān), freed slave of the late Masʿūd, endowed the land and commissioned the construction of the mosque. Photo by Aghin Komachi, printed with permission. 85 x xi List of figures 7.1 The courtyard of the Qiz Bibi shrine complex. Photo by Aziza Shanazarova. 100 7.2 The marble tombstone. Photo by Aziza Shanazarova. 102 7.3 The ḥavż inside the shrine complex. Photo by Aziza Shanazarova. 103 7.4 The recently installed tombstone. Photo by Aziza Shanazarova. 104 10.1 The Bara Imambara complex in Lucknow, built during the reign of Nawab Asaf al- Dawla (r. 1775– 1797), was meant to underline the power of the Shiʿi dominated state of Awadh. The Asfi mosque is visible on the left. Picture Credit: Simon Wolfgang Fuchs. 143 13.1 Koh- e Moula ʿAli, Hyderabad. Photo by Karen G. Ruffle. 190 13.2 Banner celebrating ʿAli’s birthday, Hyderabad. Photo by Karen G. Ruffle, 2013. 191 15.1 Pilgrims visiting the tomb of Aḥmad b. ʿAbdallāh al-ʿ Aṭṭās in Pekalongan, Central Java. Photo by Ismail Alatas. 218 15.2 The minaret of Masjid al-Riyāḍ built by ʿAlī b. Muḥammad al-Ḥabashī in Sayʾūn, Ḥaḍramawt. Photo by Ismail Alatas. 219 16.1 Entrance to Kataragama Mosque and Shrine. Photo by Merin Shobhana Xavier. 233 16.2 Tomb of Hussein Bee Bee. Photo by Merin Shobhana Xavier. 236 18.1 Entrance to Flourishing of the Prophet Mosque, looking outside, Guangzhou, Guangdong province. Fourteenth century; restored in twentieth century. Steinhardt photograph. 257 18.2 Entrance to the Mosque of the Companions, Quanzhou, Fujian province. Fourteenth century. Steinhardt photograph. 258 18.3 Courtyard of Huajuexiang Mosque, Xi’an, 1392 with later repairs. Steinhardt photograph. 262 18.4 Entrance to Prayer Hall, Zhuxian Mosque, Kaifeng, Henan province, sixteenth century with twenty- first century repairs. Steinhardt photograph. 263 19.1 Exchange on the content of Han Kitab writings between Chinese academic and religious professionals (2012). Photo by Prof. Hu Long, printed with permission. 276 24.1 Mai Misra’s kalas in Bhavnagar shrine. Image by Jazmin Graves. 342 24.2 “Rifai Initiation Lineage of ‘His Holiness’ Mubarak Baba Gor Nubi,” photographed in the home of a high- ranking Sidi Rifai Sufi in Gujarat. Image by Jazmin Graves. 345 xi xii EDITORIAL BOARD Khairudin Aljunied, Associate Professor, Department of Malay Studies, National University of Singapore. William Gervase Clarence- Smith, Professor of the Economic History of Asia and Africa, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, UK. Devin DeWeese, Professor Emeritus of Islamic and Central Eurasian Studies at Indiana University, Bloomington, USA. Jonathan Lipman, Professor Emeritus of History, Mount Holyoke College, USA. Karen Ruffle, Associate Professor of Historical Studies and the History of Religions, University of Toronto, Canada. xii xiii CONTRIBUTORS Huma Ahmed- Ghosh is a Professor in the Department of Women Studies and the Director of the Center for Islamic and Arabic Studies at San Diego State University. Her edited books on Contesting Feminisms: Gender and Islam in Asia and Asian Muslim Women: Globalization and Local Realities were published in 2015. She is President on the Board of License to Freedom, a refugee NGO serving Iraqi, Afghan, and Syrian women. Ismail Fajrie Alatas is Assistant Professor of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies at New York University. His research explores the intersections of religious authority, social formation, and mobility in Indonesia and Yemen. He is the author of What is Religious Authority? Cultivating Islamic Community in Indonesia (2021). Sophia Rose Arjana is Associate Professor of Religious Studies at Western Kentucky University. She is the author of four books, including her latest, Buying Buddha, Selling Rumi: Orientalism in the Mystical Marketplace (2020). Her fifth book focuses on gender, material religion, and sacred space in Indonesia. Daniel Beben received his Ph.D. in History and Central Eurasian Studies at Indiana University and is currently Assistant Professor of History and Religious Studies at Nazarbayev University in Kazakhstan. His current research projects include a monograph on the history of Ismailism in Central Asia and a co- authored book on genealogical traditions in the Badakhshan region. Jeanine Dağyeli is Assistant Professor and works at the Institute of Turkic Studies, University of Vienna and the Institute of Iranian Studies, Austrian Academy of Sciences. Her research interests include the (historical) anthropology of Central Asia, labor, human–e nvironment relations, popular literatures, disease, and death. Johan Fischer is Associate Professor in the Department of Social Sciences and Business, Roskilde University, Denmark. His work focuses on human values and markets. More specif- ically, he explores the interfaces between class, consumption, market relations, religion, and the xiii xiv Notes on contributors state in a globalized world. A central focus in this research is the theoretical and empirical focus on the globalization of religious commodities and services. Chiara Formichi is Associate Professor in Asian Studies at Cornell University. Her research focuses on the intersection of Islam and politics in late- colonial and post- colonial Southeast Asia, and especially Indonesia. She has also published on the politics of knowledge production on Islam in Asia. Her publications include Islam and the Making of the Nation: S.M. Kartosuwiryo and Political Islam in 20th Century Indonesia (2012) and Islam and Asia: A History (2020). Simon Wolfgang Fuchs is a lecturer in Islamic and Middle East Studies at the University of Freiburg in Germany. He completed his Ph.D. at Princeton University’s Department of Near Eastern Studies in 2015 and was a Research Fellow in Islamic Studies at Gonville & Caius College, Cambridge, from 2015– 2017. Ilyse R. Morgenstein Fuerst is Associate Professor of Religion at the University of Vermont. Her research centers on Islam and Muslims in South Asia, histories of imperialism, and theories of religion and race. Her first book is Indian Muslim Minorities and the 1857 Rebellion (2017). She is co- editor of Words of Experience: Translating Islam with Carl W. Ernst (2021). Jazmin Graves is Assistant Professor of African American and African Diaspora Studies at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Her dissertation, “Songs to the African Saints of India,” centers upon the Sidi (African Indian) Sufi devotional tradition of Gujarat and Mumbai. Jazmin’s research has been published in the Journal of Africana Religions. She has also co-e dited a three- volume series, Afro- South Asia in the Global African Diaspora. In 2018, Jazmin was named one of the MIPAD Global Top 100 Most Influential People of African Descent Under 40. Kelly A. Hammond is an Assistant Professor of East Asian History in the Department of History at the University of Arkansas. Her first book, China’s Muslims and Japan’s Empire: Centering Islam in World War II, was published in 2020. Brannon D. Ingram is Associate Professor of Religious Studies at Northwestern University. He works on Islam in South Asia, with a particular interest in how Muslims have debated Sufism, Islamic law, and politics in the modern era. His first book appeared in 2018, Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam. Ingram is currently working on a second book, examining how Muslims in modern South Asia have theorized, debated, and contested the category of “religion.” Sohaib Khan is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Kamel Center for the Study of Islamic Law and Civilization at Yale Law School. He earned a Ph.D. (2020) from Columbia University’s Department of Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies (MESAAS). As a scholar of interdisciplinary Islamic studies, Sohaib studies and writes about connections between reli- gion and finance. Currently, he is working on his first monograph, tentatively titled Translating Capital: Sharī‘a Compliance and the Financialization of Islam. Mahmood Kooria holds a research position at Leiden University and is a visiting faculty at Ashoka University. He read his Ph.D. at Leiden University Institute for History in 2016, authored Islamic Law in Circulation (forthcoming), and co- edited Malabar in the Indian Ocean World (2018) and Islamic Law in the Indian Ocean (forthcoming). xiv

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