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Routledge Handbook of Human Security (Routledge Handbooks PDF

365 Pages·2013·1.63 MB·English
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ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF HUMAN SECURITY This handbook will serve as a standard reference guide to the subject of human security, which has grown greatly in importance over the past twenty years. Human security has been part of academic and policy discourses since it was first promoted by the UNDP in its 1994 Human Development Report. Filling a clear gap in the current literature, this volume brings together some of the key scholars and policy-makers who have contributed to its emergence as a mainstream concept, including Nobel prize winner Amartya Sen and Sadako Ogata, who jointly chaired the 2001 Commission on Human Security. Drawing upon a range of theoretical and empirical analyses, the handbook provides examples of the use of human security in policies as diverse as disaster management, arms control and counter-terrorism, and in different geographic and institutional settings from Asia to Africa, and the UN. It also raises important questions about how the concept might be adapted and operationalised in the future. Over the course of the book, the authors draw on three key aspects of human security thinking: 1 Theoretical issues to do with defining human security as a specific discourse 2 Human security from a policy and institutional perspective, and how it is operationalised in different policy and geographic contexts 3 Case studies and empirical work. Featuring some of the leading scholars in the field, the Routledge Handbook of Human Security will be essential reading for all students of human security, critical security, conflict and devel- opment, peace and conflict studies, and of great interest to students of international security and IR in general. Mary Martin is a Research Fellow at the Civil Society and Human Security Research Unit, London School of Economics, UK. Taylor Owen is the Research Director of the Tow Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia University, USA. Research and writing can be found at www.taylorowen.com. This page intentionally left blank ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF HUMAN SECURITY Edited by Mary Martin and Taylor Owen OF SSCCSSCIICEEIIENNENCCNCEECE E OF OF SCISECNIECNEC E SCIENCSCE IENCE First published 2014 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2014 selection and editorial material, Mary Martin and Taylor Owen; individual chapters, the contributors The right of the editor to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Routledge handbook of human security / edited by Mary Martin and Taylor Owen. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Human security--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Martin, Mary, 1957- JC571.R772 2014 355'.033--dc23 2013012769 ISBN: 978-0-415-58128-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-88592-6 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Fakenham Prepress Solutions, Fakenham, Norfolk NR21 8NN CONTENTS Foreword by Sadako Ogata ix List of abbreviations xi Contributors xiii List of illustrations xix Introduction 1 Mary Martin and Taylor Owen PART I Concepts of human security 15 1 Birth of a discourse 17 Amartya Sen 2 Human security: from definitions to investigating a discourse 28 Des Gasper 3 In defense of the broad view of human security 43 Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh 4 Human security thresholds 58 Taylor Owen 5 Human security: political authority in a global era 65 Mary Kaldor 6 Critical perspectives on human security 76 Keith Krause v Contents 7 The siren song of human security 94 Ryerson Christie 8 Why human security? The case for resilience in an urban century 109 Peter H. Liotta and Aybüke Bilgin PART II Human security applications 123 9 Violent conflict and the individual security dilemma 125 Mient Jan Faber and Martijn Dekker 10 Security and development: context specific approaches to human insecurity 139 Richard Jolly 11 Human security in the R2P era 149 Lloyd Axworthy 12 Human security and war 159 Jennifer Leaning 13 Human security and natural disasters 174 Dorothea Hilhorst, Alpaslan Özerdem and Erin Michelle Crocetti 14 Food and human security 188 Robert Bailey 15 Navigating the ‘national security’ barrier: a human security agenda for arms control in the twenty-first century 197 Deepayan Basu Ray 16 Adjusting the paradigm: a human security framework for combating terrorism 210 Cindy R. Jebb and Andrew A. Gallo PART III Human security actors 223 17 The United Nations and human security: between solidarism and pluralism 225 Edward Newman 18 Japan and networked human security 239 Yukio Takasu vi Contents 19 The European Union and human security: the making of a global security actor 251 Javier Solana 20 The pan-Africanization of human security 260 Thomas Kwasi Tieku 21 Human security and East Asia 272 Paul Evans PART IV Human security tools 283 22 An economist’s perspective on human security 285 Syed Mansoob Murshed 23 From concept to method: the challenge of a human security methodology 297 Mary Martin and Denisa Kostovicova 24 Human security mapping 308 Taylor Owen 25 Human security: idea, policy and law 319 Gerd Oberleitner Conclusion 331 Taylor Owen and Mary Martin Index 335 vii This page intentionally left blank FOREWORD In the globalizing world of today, the concept of security has evolved from the traditional state- based context to cover a whole range of economic, social and technological factors. The end of the Cold War and the decolonization process resulted in new state building among diverse groups of people. Advancement in communication and information technology accelerated economic growth and brought new opportunities. While interdependence benefited people in general, it also made them vulnerable to developments outside their immediate circles. In parts of the world undergoing decolonization and decentralization, diverse groups – ethnic, religious and indigenous – began fighting over contested rights and resources. The international community was short of effective tools to deal with the diverse claims of people and states. At the 2000 UN Millenium Summit, Secretary-General Kofi Annan stressed that people should be assured of their “freedom from want” as well as their “freedom from fear”. He emphasized the importance of responding to social and economic needs of the people as well as political and military threats that had dominated the security fields. At the time, Prime Minister Obuchi of Japan, during his visit to Southeast Asia, had also advocated the need to protect people threatened by survival and announced his commitment to promote human security. His understanding of “human security” was fundamentally developmental, to protect people from “threats to human lives, livelihoods and dignity”. The Japanese government announced its readiness to establish the UN Trust Fund for Human Security, and promoted the establishment of the Commission on Human Security. The Commission was mandated to develop the concept of human security as an operational tool for policy formulation and implementation. I was invited to co-chair the Commission on Human Security with Nobel Prize economist Amartya Sen. The Commission took a broad view of human security, focused on the security of people living under critical and pervasive threats, victims of conflicts, refugees and displaced persons, people living in abject poverty, hunger and disease. After two years of research, field visits and public hearings, the report of the Commission, Human Security Now was published. The Commission proposed a framework of action that promotes the protection and empow- erment of people. Rather than viewing people as passive recipients of care and assistance led by the state, the Commission regards people as the primary initiators to determine their own fate. By empowering people through education, social mobilization and participation in public life, they themselves are better able to cope with misery and threats surrounding them. It is a “bottom up” approach that regards people as active initiators as well as operators. ix

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