ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF AFRICAN SECURITY This new Handbook examines the issues, challenges, and debates surrounding the problem of security in Africa. Africa is home to most of the world’s current conflicts, and security is a key issue. However, African security can only be understood by employing different levels of analysis: the individual (human security), the state (national/state security), and the region (regional/international security). Each of these levels provides analytical tools for understanding what could be called the “African security predicament” and these debates are animated by the “new security” issues: immigration, small arms transfers, gangs and domestic crime, HIV/AIDS, transnational crime, poverty, and environmental degradation. African security therefore not only presents concrete challenges for international security but provides a real-world context for challenging conventional conceptions of security. Drawing together contributions from a wide range of key thinkers in the field, the Routledge Handbook of African Securityengages with these debates, and is organized into four parts: • Part I: The African security predicament in the twenty-first century; • Part II: Understanding conflict in Africa; • Part III: Regionalism and Africa; • Part IV: External influences. This Handbook will be of great interest to students of African politics, human security, global security, war and conflict studies, peacebuilding, and IR in general. James J. Hentzis Professor and Chair of the Department of International Studies and Political Science at the Virginia Military Institute. He is the co-editor of New and Critical Security and Regionalism: Beyond the Nation State(2003), editor of Obligation of Empire: U.S. Grand Strategy for aNew Century(2004), and author of South Africa and the Logic of Regional Cooperation(2005) and The Nature of War in Africa(forthcoming). He is also editor-in-chief of the leading journal African Security. This(cid:2)page(cid:2)intentionally(cid:2)left(cid:2)blank ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF AFRICAN SECURITY Edited by James J. Hentz ROUTLEDGE RTaoylou r t &l e F rd a ng c ies G roup LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2014 by Routledge 2Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business ©2014 selection and editorial material, James J. Hentz; individual chapters, the contributors. The right of the editor to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice:Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent toinfringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Acatalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Routledge handbook of African security / edited by James J. Hentz. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Security, International–Africa. 2. National security–Africa. 3. Public safety–Africa. I. Hentz, James J. JZ6009.A35R68 2013 355'.03306--dc23 2013003822 ISBN: 978-0-415-68214-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-68214-2 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Keystroke, Station Road, Codsall, Wolverhampton CONTENTS List of illustrations viii Notes on contributors ix PART I The African securitypredicament in the twenty-first century 1 1 Introduction:African security in the twenty-first century 3 James J.Hentz 2 The African security predicament 9 Kwesi Aning and Naila Salihu 3 Conflict and war in Africa 21 William Reno 4 Human security versus national security in Africa: developmental versus failed states among the rest 33 Timothy M.Shaw 5 Terrorism and counterterrorism in Africa:evolving focus 43 J.Peter Pham 6 States,boundaries,and regional collapse in Sub-Saharan Africa 56 James J.Hentz and Thomas Blevins 7 Peacekeeping in Africa after the Cold War:trends and challenges 66 Paul D.Williams v Contents PART II Understanding conflict in Africa 83 8 Understanding African guerrillas:from liberation struggles to warlordism and international terrorism? 85 Morten Bøås and Kevin Dunn 9 Resources and conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa 96 Jessica Piombo 10 The state system and Africa’s permanent instability 113 Ian S.Spears 11 Security sector reform in Africa 122 Anthoni van Nieuwkerk 12 Humanitarian aid and conflict:from humanitarian neutralism to humanitarian intervention 137 Terrence Lyons 13 Separatism in Africa 147 Pierre Englebert 14 The gendered subject of violence in African conflicts 157 Maria Eriksson Baaz and Maria Stern 15 The environment and conflict in Africa 168 Kevin Dunn PART III Regionalism and Africa 179 16 Regionalism in Africa:concepts and context 181 Daniel C.Bach 17 The African Union and African security 190 Ulf Engel and João Gomes Porto 18 ECOWAS–AU security relations 198 Cyril Obi 19 The SouthernAfrican Development Community (SADC) and South Africa 207 Stephen Burgess vi Contents 20 IGAD and regional security in the Horn 217 Sally Healy 21 Regional security cooperation in Central Africa: what perspectives after ten years of peace and security operations? 229 Angela Meyer PART IV External influences 243 22 China’s role in African security 245 Ian Taylor 23 Comprehensive security versus competing interests: the EU’sAfrica policy on a balancing act 258 Belachew Gebrewold 24 U.S.security policy in Sub-Saharan Africa after the Cold War 268 Louis J.Nigro,Jr.and Nicolas J.Lovelace 25 The United Nations and African security 279 John F.Clark 26 The Afro–Arab security nexus 292 Hussein Solomon 27 Still “getting away with it”:France’s Africa defense and security policy 302 Boubacar N’Diaye Bibliography 316 Index 355 vii ILLUSTRATIONS Figures 7.1 UN uniformed peacekeepers in Africa, 2000–2011 67 7.2 African uniformed personnel in UN peacekeeping operations, 2000–2010 73 11.1 Scale of potential for SSR, early 2012 126 Tables 7.1 Organization of African Unity peace operations, 1990–2002 68 7.2 Peace operations conducted by African sub-regional organizations, 1990–2003 69 7.3 African Union peace operations, 2003–2009 70 7.4 Non-UN, non-African peace operations in Africa, 1990–2009 72 7.5 United Nations peacekeeping operations in Africa, 1990–2009 72 25.1 Areas of human development activity and key UNDG agencies for each 284 25.2 Key constituencies served by UNDG agencies and key UN agencies for each 284 25.3 Number of United Nations funds, programs, agencies, and departments on UN country teams in Sub-Saharan Africa’s ten most populous states 286 25.4 Key United Nations and affiliated organizations in Africa 287 25.5 UNDevelopment budgets for Sub-Saharan Africa’s ten largest countries in 2008 288 viii CONTRIBUTORS Kwesi Aningis Director of the Faculty of Academic Affairs and Research (FAAR) of the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Accra, Ghana. He obtained his PhD from the University of Copenhagen, Denmark and serves on several academic boards. He has extensive publications. Maria Eriksson Baazis Associate Professor and Senior Researcher at the Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala, and the School of Global Studies, Gothenburg, Sweden Nordic Africa Institute. Her research interests include gender and war; masculinity and militarism; gender and defense and police reform in post-conflict contexts. Her most recent book, co-written with Maria Stern, is Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War? Perceptions, Prescriptions, Problems in the Congo and Beyond(Zed Books 2013). Daniel C. Bachis Director of Research of the CNRS (National Centre for Scientific Research)at the Emile Durkheim Centre for Comparative Political Science and Sociology, University of Bordeaux, and professor at Sciences Po Bordeaux. He is also an associate of the Trade and Law Centre in Stellenbosch. His latest publications in English include ‘The European Union and Africa: trade liberalization, “constructive” disengagement and the securitization of Europe’s external frontiers’ (Africa Review 3.1.2011) and (co-edited with M. Gazibo) The Neopatrimonial State in Africa and Beyond(Routledge 2012). Thomas Blevins is at the Virginia Military Institute, majoring in International Studies and Political Science. He has studied African affairs both at the Virginia Military Institute and abroad. This study abroad was a semester at Stellenbosch University in South Africa, and another semester studying Swahili in Zanzibar. The latter semester was awarded through a David L. Boren National Security Education Program scholarship. He is an Ensign in the United States Navy. Morten Bøås is Senior Researcher at FAFO’s Institute for Applied International Studies. He has published extensively on African politics, including in The Journal of Modern African Studies, Third World Quarterly,African Spectrum,and Global Governance.He is co-editor with Kevin Dunn of African Guerrillas: Raging against the Machine(Lynne Rienner Publishers 2007). ix
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