Routledge Handbook of African Security

382 Pages·2013·2.02 MB·English

by  James J. Hentz

ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF
AFRICAN SECURITY
This new Handbook examines the issues, challenges, and debates surrounding the problem of
security in Africa.
Africa is home to most of the world’s current conflicts, and security is a key issue. However,
African security can only be understood by employing different levels of analysis: the individual
(human security), the state (national/state security), and the region (regional/international
security). Each of these levels provides analytical tools for understanding what could be called
the “African security predicament” and these debates are animated by the “new security” issues:
immigration, small arms transfers, gangs and domestic crime, HIV/AIDS, transnational crime,
poverty, and environmental degradation. African security therefore not only presents concrete
challenges for international security but provides a real-world context for challenging
conventional conceptions of security.
Drawing together contributions from a wide range of key thinkers in the field, the Routledge
Handbook of African Securityengages with these debates, and is organized into four parts:
• Part I: The African security predicament in the twenty-first century;
• Part II: Understanding conflict in Africa;
• Part III: Regionalism and Africa;
• Part IV: External influences.
This Handbook will be of great interest to students of African politics, human security, global
security, war and conflict studies, peacebuilding, and IR in general.
James J. Hentzis Professor and Chair of the Department of International Studies and Political
Science at the Virginia Military Institute. He is the co-editor of New and Critical Security and
Regionalism: Beyond the Nation State(2003), editor of Obligation of Empire: U.S. Grand Strategy for
aNew Century(2004), and author of South Africa and the Logic of Regional Cooperation(2005) and
The Nature of War in Africa(forthcoming). He is also editor-in-chief of the leading journal African
Security.
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ROUTLEDGE
HANDBOOK OF
AFRICAN SECURITY
Edited by James J. Hentz
ROUTLEDGE RTaoylou r t &l e F rd a ng c ies G roup
LONDON AND NEW YORK
First published 2014
by Routledge
2Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,
an informa business
©2014 selection and editorial material, James J. Hentz; individual chapters,
the contributors.
The right of the editor to be identified as the author of the editorial material,
and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance
with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
Trademark notice:Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent
toinfringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Acatalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Routledge handbook of African security / edited by James J. Hentz.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Security, International–Africa. 2. National security–Africa. 3. Public
safety–Africa. I. Hentz, James J.
JZ6009.A35R68 2013
355'.03306--dc23
2013003822
ISBN: 978-0-415-68214-5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-203-68214-2 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo
by Keystroke, Station Road, Codsall, Wolverhampton
CONTENTS
List of illustrations viii
Notes on contributors ix
PART I
The African securitypredicament in the twenty-first century 1
1 Introduction:African security in the twenty-first century 3
James J.Hentz
2 The African security predicament 9
Kwesi Aning and Naila Salihu
3 Conflict and war in Africa 21
William Reno
4 Human security versus national security in Africa:
developmental versus failed states among the rest 33
Timothy M.Shaw
5 Terrorism and counterterrorism in Africa:evolving focus 43
J.Peter Pham
6 States,boundaries,and regional collapse in Sub-Saharan Africa 56
James J.Hentz and Thomas Blevins
7 Peacekeeping in Africa after the Cold War:trends and challenges 66
Paul D.Williams
v
Contents
PART II
Understanding conflict in Africa 83
8 Understanding African guerrillas:from liberation struggles to
warlordism and international terrorism? 85
Morten Bøås and Kevin Dunn
9 Resources and conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa 96
Jessica Piombo
10 The state system and Africa’s permanent instability 113
Ian S.Spears
11 Security sector reform in Africa 122
Anthoni van Nieuwkerk
12 Humanitarian aid and conflict:from humanitarian neutralism
to humanitarian intervention 137
Terrence Lyons
13 Separatism in Africa 147
Pierre Englebert
14 The gendered subject of violence in African conflicts 157
Maria Eriksson Baaz and Maria Stern
15 The environment and conflict in Africa 168
Kevin Dunn
PART III
Regionalism and Africa 179
16 Regionalism in Africa:concepts and context 181
Daniel C.Bach
17 The African Union and African security 190
Ulf Engel and João Gomes Porto
18 ECOWAS–AU security relations 198
Cyril Obi
19 The SouthernAfrican Development Community (SADC) and
South Africa 207
Stephen Burgess
vi
Contents
20 IGAD and regional security in the Horn 217
Sally Healy
21 Regional security cooperation in Central Africa:
what perspectives after ten years of peace and security operations? 229
Angela Meyer
PART IV
External influences 243
22 China’s role in African security 245
Ian Taylor
23 Comprehensive security versus competing interests:
the EU’sAfrica policy on a balancing act 258
Belachew Gebrewold
24 U.S.security policy in Sub-Saharan Africa after the Cold War 268
Louis J.Nigro,Jr.and Nicolas J.Lovelace
25 The United Nations and African security 279
John F.Clark
26 The Afro–Arab security nexus 292
Hussein Solomon
27 Still “getting away with it”:France’s Africa defense and security policy 302
Boubacar N’Diaye
Bibliography 316
Index 355
vii
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figures
7.1 UN uniformed peacekeepers in Africa, 2000–2011 67
7.2 African uniformed personnel in UN peacekeeping operations, 2000–2010 73
11.1 Scale of potential for SSR, early 2012 126
Tables
7.1 Organization of African Unity peace operations, 1990–2002 68
7.2 Peace operations conducted by African sub-regional organizations, 1990–2003 69
7.3 African Union peace operations, 2003–2009 70
7.4 Non-UN, non-African peace operations in Africa, 1990–2009 72
7.5 United Nations peacekeeping operations in Africa, 1990–2009 72
25.1 Areas of human development activity and key UNDG agencies for each 284
25.2 Key constituencies served by UNDG agencies and key UN agencies for each 284
25.3 Number of United Nations funds, programs, agencies, and departments on UN
country teams in Sub-Saharan Africa’s ten most populous states 286
25.4 Key United Nations and affiliated organizations in Africa 287
25.5 UNDevelopment budgets for Sub-Saharan Africa’s ten largest countries in 2008 288
viii
CONTRIBUTORS
Kwesi Aningis Director of the Faculty of Academic Affairs and Research (FAAR) of the Kofi
Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Accra, Ghana. He obtained his PhD from
the University of Copenhagen, Denmark and serves on several academic boards. He has extensive
publications.
Maria Eriksson Baazis Associate Professor and Senior Researcher at the Nordic Africa Institute,
Uppsala, and the School of Global Studies, Gothenburg, Sweden Nordic Africa Institute. Her
research interests include gender and war; masculinity and militarism; gender and defense and
police reform in post-conflict contexts. Her most recent book, co-written with Maria Stern, is
Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War? Perceptions, Prescriptions, Problems in the Congo and Beyond(Zed
Books 2013).
Daniel C. Bachis Director of Research of the CNRS (National Centre for Scientific Research)at
the Emile Durkheim Centre for Comparative Political Science and Sociology, University of
Bordeaux, and professor at Sciences Po Bordeaux. He is also an associate of the Trade and Law
Centre in Stellenbosch. His latest publications in English include ‘The European Union and
Africa: trade liberalization, “constructive” disengagement and the securitization of Europe’s
external frontiers’ (Africa Review 3.1.2011) and (co-edited with M. Gazibo) The Neopatrimonial
State in Africa and Beyond(Routledge 2012).
Thomas Blevins is at the Virginia Military Institute, majoring in International Studies and
Political Science. He has studied African affairs both at the Virginia Military Institute and abroad.
This study abroad was a semester at Stellenbosch University in South Africa, and another semester
studying Swahili in Zanzibar. The latter semester was awarded through a David L. Boren National
Security Education Program scholarship. He is an Ensign in the United States Navy.
Morten Bøås is Senior Researcher at FAFO’s Institute for Applied International Studies. He
has published extensively on African politics, including in The Journal of Modern African Studies,
Third World Quarterly,African Spectrum,and Global Governance.He is co-editor with Kevin Dunn
of African Guerrillas: Raging against the Machine(Lynne Rienner Publishers 2007).
ix