Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory

749 Pages·2005·6.086 MB·English

by  David Herman, Manfred Jahn, Marie-Laure Ryan

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Routledge
Encyclopedia of
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L Edited by David Herman,
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s Marie-Laure Ryan
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5 First published 2005
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0 byRoutledge
0 2Park Square, Milton Park,Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX144RN
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0 Simultaneously published in the USA andCanada
t byRoutledge
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] 270Madison Avenue,New York, NY 10016, USA
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o Routledgeis animprint ofthe Taylor&Francis Group
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er This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010.
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Li To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
f collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.
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t (cid:1)2005RoutledgeLtd
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e Allrights reserved. Nopart of thisbookmaybereprinted
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i orreproducedorutilized in anyform orbyanyelectronic,
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U mechanical,orothermeans, nowknownorhereafter
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y invented, includingphotocopying andrecording, orin any
b information storage orretrievalsystem, withoutpermission in
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e writing from the publishers.
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a British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
o Acatalogue recordfor thisbookis available fromthe British Library
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w Library of CongressCataloging inPublication Data
o Acatalog record for thisbookhasbeen appliedfor
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ISBN 0-203-93289-7 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0 –– 415 – 28259 – 4
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a Contents
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: How to use this book
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l Introduction
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it Reader’s guide
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: Thefollowingsystemforcross-referencingwasused:inthebodyofeachentry,asterisks(*)markwordsor
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0 phrasesconstitutingtitlesofotherentriestobefoundinthevolume;whenneeded,additionalentrytitles
at areindicatedbymeansofparenthetical‘seeX’pointers.The‘seealso’cross-referenceslistedattheendof
l] entriesaremeanttodirectthereadertofurtherrelevantitemsintheEncyclopedia.
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o There are also a number of short-definition entries that, while providing a brief sketch of terms and
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r concepts(e.g.,‘homodiegeticnarration’,‘secondaryorality’,‘sjuzhet’),aremainlyintendedtosupplement
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v the volume’s index by pointing readers to more substantial treatments of these items elsewhere in the
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L Encyclopedia.Thus,whereasthethumbnaildefinitionscontaincross-referencestolongerentries,theyare
of notthemselvescross-referenced.
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a Introduction
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: Thepastseveraldecadeshaveseenanexplosionofinterestinnarrative,withthismultifacetedobjectof
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0 inquiry becoming a central concern in a wide range of disciplinary fields and research contexts. The
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a ‘narrativeturn’gainedimpetusfromthedevelopmentofstructuralisttheoriesofnarrativeinFranceinthe
l] mid to late 1960s. Tzvetan Todorov coined the term ‘la narratologie’ in 1969 to designate what he and
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o other Francophone structuralists (e.g., Roland Barthes, Claude Bremond, Ge´rard Genette, and A. J.
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r Greimas)conceivedofasascienceofnarrativemodelledafterthe‘pilot-science’ofSaussure’sstructural
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v linguistics. Noting that narratives can be presented in a wide variety of formats, media, and genres,
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L structuralistssuchasBarthesarguedexplicitlyforacross-disciplinaryapproachtotheanalysisofstories–
of an approach in which stories can be viewed as supporting a variety of cognitive and communicative
y activities, from spontaneous conversations and courtroom testimony to visual art, dance, and virtually
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si hundredsofmythicandliterarytraditions.
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e Onlyaftertheheydayofstructuralism,however,didBarthes’scallforaninterdisciplinaryapproachto
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ni narrative begin to be answered. As accounts of what happened to particular people in particular cir-
U cumstancesandwithspecificconsequences,storieshavecometobeviewedasabasichumanstrategyfor
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y comingtotermswithtime,process,andchange–astrategythatcontrastswith,butisinnowayinferiorto,
b ‘scientific’ modes of explanation that characterise phenomena as instances of general covering laws.
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e Acognitiveschemaanddiscoursetypemanifestedinbothliteraryandnon-literaryformsofexpression,
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a narrativenowfallswithinthepurviewofmanysocial-scientific,humanistic,andotherdisciplines,ranging
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l from sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, communication studies, literary theory, and philosophy, to
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w cognitive and social psychology, ethnography, sociology, media studies, Artificial Intelligence, and the
o studyoforganisations,medicine,jurisprudence,andhistory.
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The result has been an exponential growth of research and teaching activity centring around
narrative.Internationalinscope,thisactivityhasalsospawnedinterdisciplinarybookseries(e.g.,Studies
in Narrative, published by John Benjamins, Theory and Interpretation of Narrative, published by the
Ohio State University Press, Narratologia, published by Walter de Gruyter, and Frontiers of Narrative,
publishedbytheUniversityofNebraskaPress).Scholarshipinthefieldhasgivenrise,aswell,toanumber
ofinternationallyrecognisedjournalsinwhicharticlesaboutnarrativefigureimportantly(e.g.,Image(&)
Narrative, Journal of Narrative Theory, Language and Literature, Narrative, Narrative Inquiry, New
LiteraryHistory,Poetics,PoeticsToday,andStyle).Anothermanifestationofcross-disciplinaryinterest
innarrativeisColumbiaUniversity’sPrograminNarrativeMedicine(http://www.narrativemedicine.org/),
inaugurated in 1996. Participants in this program, which aims ‘to fortify medicine with ways of