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Routing the Opposition: Social Movements, Public Policy, and Democracy (Social Movements, Protest and Contention) PDF

328 Pages·2005·2.69 MB·English
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ROUTING THE OPPOSITION Social Movements, Protest, and Contention Series Editor: Bert Klandermans, Free University, Amsterdam Associate Editors: Ron R. Aminzade, University of Minnesota David S. Meyer, University of California, Irvine Verta A. Taylor, University of California, Santa Barbara Volume 23 David S. Meyer, Valerie Jenness, and Helen Ingram, editors, Routing the Opposition: Social Movements, Public Policy, and Democracy Volume 22 Kurt Schock, Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies Volume 21 Christian Davenport, Hank Johnston, and Carol Mueller, editors, Repression and Mobilization Volume 20 Nicole C. Raeburn, Changing Corporate America from Inside Out: Lesbian and Gay Workplace Rights Volume 19 Vincent J. Roscigno and William F. Danaher, Th e Voice of Southern Labor: Radio, Music, and Textile Strikes, 1929–1934 Volume 18 Maryjane Osa, Solidarity and Contention: Networks of Polish Opposition Volume 17 Mary Margaret Fonow, Union Women: Forging Feminism in the United Steelworkers of America Volume 16 Bert Klandermans and Suzanne Staggenborg, editors, Methods of Social Movement Research Volume 15 Sharon Kurtz, Workplace Justice: Organizing Multi-Identity Movements Volume 14 Sanjeev Khagram, James V. Riker, and Kathryn Sikkink, editors, Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms For more books in the series, see page 310. ROUTING THE OPPOSITION Social Movements, Public Policy, and Democracy David S. Meyer, Valerie Jenness, and Helen Ingram, Editors Social Movements, Protest, and Contention Volume 23 University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis • London Copyright 2005 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by the University of Minnesota Press 111 Th ird Avenue South, Suite 290 Minneapolis, MN 55401-2520 http://www.upress.umn.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Routing the opposition : social movements, public policy, and democ racy / David S. Meyer, Valerie Jenness, and Helen Ingram, editors. p. cm. — (Social movements, protest, and contention ; v. 23) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8166-4479-9 (hc : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-8166-4480-2 (pb : alk. paper) 1. Social movements—United States. 2. Political activists— United States. 3. Social problems—Government policy—United States. 4. Democracy—United States. 5. United States—Politics and government—20th century. I. Meyer, David S. II. Jenness, Valerie, 1963– III. Ingram, Helen M., 1937– IV. Series. HN65.R68 2005 322.4'4'0973—dc22 2 005000434 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Th e University of Minnesota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer. 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction. Social Movements and Public Policy: Eggs, Chicken, and Th eory 1 David S. Meyer Part I. Context Matters and Patterns of Infl uence: Agendas and Alliances 27 1. Political Contexts, Challenger Strategies, and Mobilization: Explaining the Impact of the Townsend Plan 29 Edwin Amenta 2. Social Movements, the Rise of New Issues, and the Public Agenda 65 Frank R. Baumgartner and Christine Mahoney 3. Velcro Triangles: Elite Mobilization of Local Antidrug Issue Coalitions 87 John D. McCarthy Part II. The Social Movement–State Nexus: The Structure and Consequences of Interpenetration 117 4. Creating Credible Edibles: Th e Organic Agriculture Movement and the Emergence of U.S. Federal Organic Standards 121 Mrill Ingram and Helen Ingram 5. Inside and Outside the State: Movement Insider Status, Tactics, and Public Policy Achievements 149 Lee Ann Banaszak 6. Th e Policy Nexus: Professional Networks and the Formulation and Adoption of Workers’ Compensation Reforms 177 Ryken Grattet Part III. The Nature of the Field: Impacts on Participation, Mobilization, and Identity 207 7. Policy Feedback Eff ects for Collective Action: Lessons from Veterans’ Programs 211 Suzanne Mettler 8. Rights without Citizenship: Activist Politics and Prison Reform in the United States 236 Mary Fainsod Katzenstein 9. Policy Th reats and Social Movement Coalitions: California’s Campaign to Restore Legal Immigrants’ Rights to Welfare 259 Ellen Reese Conclusion. Social Movements, Public Policy, and Democracy: Rethinking the Nexus 288 Valerie Jenness, David S. Meyer, and Helen Ingram Contributors 307 Index 311 Acknowledgments We are grateful to all of the participants at the conference “Social Move- ments, Public Policy, and Democracy” held in Laguna Beach, California, in January 2002. In addition to those who are represented in this volume, all of the papers benefi ted immensely from insightful comments by other con- ference participants, including Paul Burstein, Doug Imig, Cecelia Lynch, Calvin Morrill, Lina Newton, Belinda Robnett, David Snow, and Sidney Tarrow. Th e conference from which this book derives, as well as the book itself, would not have been possible without the support of the Center for the Study of Democracy, the School of Social Sciences, and the School of Social Ecology, all at the University of California, Irvine. We are grateful for the confi dence and support of Dean William Schoenfeld, Dean C. Ronald Huff , and the director of the Center for the Study of Democracy, Russell Dalton. Finally, we deeply appreciate the heroic administrative work pro- vided by Dianne Christianson, Judy Omiya, and Th omas Wicke, and the editorial expertise of Carrie Mullen, Nancy Sauro, and Jason Weidemann. Each in their own way made this volume come into being. vii This page intentionally left blank Introduction Social Movements and Public Policy: Eggs, Chicken, and Theory David S. Meyer Th ere were all kinds of good reasons to oppose U.S. participation in the Vietnam War in 1965, and as the war escalated, opponents found increasingly good reasons to take to the streets to make their claims. In July 1965, Lyndon Johnson announced that he would intensify the U.S. commitment to South Vietnam, increasing its military presence by nearly fi fty thousand troops, necessitating more aggressive use of the military draft. Th e draft turned a dis- tant issue,1 the war in Vietnam, into a proximate one, and stoked the fl edg- ling antiwar movement. Th e draft provided a focus for the antiwar movement as well as a sense of urgency on college campuses to do something to stop the war. Th e Johnson administration, probably not intentionally, aided activists who wanted to focus on the draft when, in October 1965, Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach promised to investigate the antidraft movement even as local Selective Service offi cials revoked the student exemptions of protesters against the war when they were arrested (De Benedetti 1990, 120–30). Th e salience of the draft invigorated what had formerly been small pacifi st and leftist organizations mobilizing and coordinating the initial op- position to the war, fl ooding local chapters and national events with larger numbers of new activists than any of the organizations were prepared to handle (Gitlin 1980; Miller 1987). Th e draft allowed pacifi sts who normal- ly reached small audiences to speak to much larger crowds, and groups that expressed a broad commitment to comprehensive democratic change in the United States, like Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), spread quickly to less elite college campuses (Heineman 1993). Resistance to the draft, often by the ritualized (and criminal) action of destroying a draft card, was 1

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