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Ross Lee Nisbett Richard E Gladwell Malcolm The person and the situation perspectives of social psychology Pinter and Martin Ltd (2011) PDF

369 Pages·2011·2.14 MB·English
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Preview Ross Lee Nisbett Richard E Gladwell Malcolm The person and the situation perspectives of social psychology Pinter and Martin Ltd (2011)

THE PERSON AND THE SITUATION For Stanley Schachter About the Authors Lee Ross is Professor of Psychology at Stanford University. He received his Ph.D. in psychology from Columbia University in 1969. He is coauthor with Richard Nisbett of Human Inference and coeditor with John Flavell of Cognitive Social Development: Frontiers and Possible Futures. He is a founder and one of the principal investigators of the Stanford Center on Conflict and Negotiation. His 1977 article “The Intuitive Psychologist and His Shortcomings” is the most widely cited article of the 1980s in social psychology. Richard E. Nisbett is Theodore M. Newcomb Professor of Psychology and Director of the Research Center for Group Dynamics at the University of Michigan. He received his Ph.D. degree in Psychology from Columbia University in 1966. He taught at Yale University from 1966 to 1971. He is co-author, with Lee Ross, of Human Inference, with E. E. Jones, D. E. Kanouse, H. H. Kelley, S. Valins and B. Weiner of Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior, and with J. Holland, K. Holyoak, and P. Thagard of Induction. In 1982 he was the recipient of the Donald Campbell Award for Distinguished Research in Social Psychology. THE PERSON AND THE SITUATION Perspectives of Social Psychology Lee Ross Stanford University Richard E. Nisbett University of Michigan Foreword Malcolm Gladwell The Person and the Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology First published by McGraw-Hill 1991 This edition first published in Great Britain by Pinter & Martin Ltd 2011 Copyright © Lee Ross and Richard E. Nisbett 1991, 2011 Foreword © Malcolm Gladwell 2011 All rights reserved ISBN 978-1-905177-44-8 The right of Lee Ross and Richard E. Nisbett to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act of 1988 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade and otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form or binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser Printed in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall Pinter & Martin Ltd 6 Effra Parade London SW2 1PS www.pinterandmartin.com CONTENTS FOREWORD BY MALCOLM GLADWELL PREFACE PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 INTRODUCTION The Lessons and Challenges of Social Psychology The Weakness of Individual Differences The Power of Situations The Subtlety of Situations The Predictability of Human Behavior The Conflict Between the Lessons of Social Psychology and the Experience of Everyday Life The Tripod on Which Social Psychology Rests The Principle of Situationism The Principle of Construal The Concept of Tension Systems Predictability and Indeterminacy Prediction by Social Scientists Prediction by Laypeople The Problem of Effect Size Statistical Criteria of Size Pragmatic Criteria of Size Expectation Criteria of Size Overview and Plan of the Book 2 THE POWER OF THE SITUATION Social Influence and Group Processes Uniformity Pressures in the Laboratory: Sherif’s” Autokinetic” Studies and the Asch Paradigm The Bennington Studies Sherif’s Studies of Intergroup Competition and Conflict Inhibition of Bystander Intervention Why Is Social Influence So Powerful? Channel Factors On Selling War Bonds Time to Be a Good Samaritan Effects of Minimal Compliance Putting It All Together: Stanley Milgram and the Banality of Evil 3 CONSTRUING THE SOCIAL WORLD Subjectivist Considerations in Objective Behaviorism Relativity in Judgment and Motivation Phenomena Some Nonobvious Motivational Consequences of Reward The Construal Question in Social Psychology Solomon Asch and the “Object of Judgment” Partisanship and Perception The Tools of Construal The Attribution Process Normative and Descriptive Principles of Causal Attribution Attributions Regarding the Self Failure to Allow for the Uncertainties of Construal The False Consensus Effect Overconfident Social and Personal Predictions Situational Construal and the Fundamental Attribution Error 4 THE SEARCH FOR PERSONAL CONSISTENCY An Overview of Conventional Theories of Personality The Scientific Findings and the Debate The Challenge of 1968 Empirical Studies of Cross-Situational Consistency Implications of the Empirical Challenge Professional Responses to the Challenge of 1968 Bem’s Revival of the Nomothetic-Idiographic Distinction Methodological Objections and Alternative Empirical Approaches Epstein’s Claims for the Power of Aggregation Making Sense of “Consistency” Correlations Predictions Based on Single Observations Predictions Based on Multiple Observations The Relative Likelihood of Extreme Behaviors 5 LAY PERSONOLOGY AND LAY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Qualitative Aspects of Lay Personality Theory Quantitative Aspects of Lay Personality Theory Lay Dispositionism and the Fundamental Attribution Error Inferring Dispositions from Situationally Produced Behavior Slighting the Situation and Context in Favor of Dispositions Overconfidence in Predictions Based on Dispositions Dispositionism and the Interview Illusion When Are Dispositional Data Useful? The Sources of Lay Dispositionism Perception and the Dispositionist Bias Differing Causal Attributions for Actors and Observers Construal and the Dispositionist Bias Statistics and the Dispositionist Bias How Could We Be So Wrong? 6 THE COHERENCE OF EVERYDAY SOCIAL EXPERIENCE Scientific Disentangling versus Real-World Confounding Scientific Disentangling of Person and Situation Real-World Confounding of Person and Situation Audience-Induced Consistency and Predictability When People Create Their Own Environments Choosing and Altering Situations Responsiveness to Others’ Needs for Predictability Continuity of Behavior over the Lifespan Situations, Construals, and Personality The Utility of Lay Personology Reconsidered The Search for More Powerful Conceptions of Personality 7 THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF CULTURE Situational Determinants of Culture Effects of Ecology, Economy, and Technology The Situation of the “Middleman” Minority Culture, Ideology, and Construal The Protestant Vision and the Growth of Capitalism Associationism and Economic Development Collectivism versus Individualism Social Context and Attribution in East and West Social Class and Locus of Control Regional Differences in the United States as Cultural Differences Enforcement of Cultural Norms Cultures as Tension Systems Cultural Change in America Blacks and Whites in the American South Traditional Japanese Culture and Capitalism Traits, Ethnicities, and the Coordinates of Individual Differences Can Ethnicities Substitute for Traits? Why Is Ethnicity an Increasingly Important Factor in Modern Life? 8 APPLYING SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Methodological Lessons for Research Practitioners and Consumers The Value of “True Experiments” The Hawthorne Saga When “Big” Interventions Fail Situationism, Liberalism, and the Politics of Intervention A Case History: The Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study When “Small” Interventions Succeed Lewinian Discussion Groups and Democratic Procedures “Modeling” Effects on Prosocial Behavior Interventions that Encourage Minority-Student Success Distal versus Proximal Interventions Labeling and Attribution Effects in the Classroom Social Labels and Self-Fulfilling Expectations Labeling versus Exhortation to Achieve Behavior Change Motivational Consequences of Superfluous Inducements Attributions for Classroom Success and Failure Subjective Perceptions and Objective Health Consequences Placebo Effects and Reverse Placebo Effects The Beneficial Effect of Forewarning and Coping Information The Health Consequences of Perceived Efficacy and Control Everyday Application of Social Psychology AFTERWORD REFERENCES INDEX OF AUTHORS AND NAMES SUBJECT INDEX

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