Table Of Content

Roselle This page intentionally left blank Roselle Production, Processing, Products and Biocomposites Edited by S.M. SAPUAN Professor of Composite Materials Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia R. NADLENE Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia A.M. RADZI Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia R.A. ILYAS School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia Academic PressisanimprintofElsevier 125London Wall,London EC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,Langford Lane,Kidlington,OxfordOX5 1GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright(cid:1)2021 ElsevierInc.Allrights reserved. Nopart ofthispublicationmay bereproduced ortransmitted inanyform orbyanymeans, electronicor mechanical, includingphotocopying, recording,oranyinformation storageand retrieval system,without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Details onhowtoseek permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangements withorganizations suchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency, canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividual contributionscontainedinitareprotected undercopyrightbythe Publisher(otherthan asmay benotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience broadenourunderstanding, changesinresearch methods,professional practices,ormedical treatment maybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchers mustalwaysrelyontheir ownexperience andknowledgeinevalu- atingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusing suchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers, includingpartiesforwhomthey haveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neither thePublishernortheauthors,contributors, oreditors, assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproducts liability,negligence orotherwise,or fromanyuseor operationofany methods,products,in- structions, orideascontainedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publication Data Acatalogrecord forthisbook isavailablefromtheLibrary ofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-Publication Data Acataloguerecord forthisbook isavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-323-85213-5 Forinformation onallAcademic Presspublications visitour website athttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:NikkiLevy Acquisitions Editor: NancyJ.Maragioglio EditorialProjectManager:Lena Sparks ProductionProjectManager:Niranjan Bhaskaran Coverdesigner: AlanStudholme TypesetbyTNQTechnologies List of Contributors T.M.N.Afiq A.M. NoorAzammi AdvancedEngineering MaterialsandBiocomposites AutomotiveEngineering TechnologySection ResearchCentre(AEMC) UniKL-MFI Department ofMechanical andManufacturing BandarBaru Bangi,Selangor, Malaysia Engineering FacultyofEngineering TaofikOladimejiAzeez UniversitiPutraMalaysia Department ofBiomedicalTechnology Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia School ofHealth Technology FederalUniversityof Technology M.Ahiduzzaman Owerri, Nigeria Department ofAgro-Processing BangabandhuSheikhMujiburRahmanAgricultural Innocent OchiaghaEze University Department ofPolymerandTextileEngineering Gazipur, Bangladesh School ofEngineeringandEngineering Technology FederalUniversityof Technology S.N.Ain Owerri, Nigeria FakultiKejuruteraan Mekanikal UniversitiTeknikal MalaysiaMelaka Rabboni MikeGovernment Melaka,Malaysia Department ofChemicalEngineering FacultyofEngineering R.N.D.Aqilah NnamdiAzikiweUniversity FakultiKejuruteraan Mekanikal Awka,AnambraState,Nigeria UniversitiTeknikal MalaysiaMelaka Melaka,Malaysia G.Guclu Department ofFoodEngineering MochamadAsrofi FacultyofAgriculture Department ofMechanical Engineering Cukurova UniversityAdana UniversityofJember Adana,Turkey Jember,EastJava,Indonesia M.M.Harussani M.R.M.Asyraf Advanced EngineeringMaterialsandComposites Department ofAerospaceEngineering (AEMC) FacultyofEngineering Department ofMechanical andManufacturing UniversitiPutraMalaysia Engineering Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia FacultyofEngineering Universiti PutraMalaysia M.S.N.Atikah Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia Department ofChemicalandEnvironmental Engineering FacultyofEngineering UniversitiPutraMalaysia Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia v vi LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS SulafaHassan A.K.M. AminulIslam Agricultural ProductProcessingandStorageLab Department ofGenetics andPlant Breeding SchoolofFoodandBiological Engineering FacultyofAgriculture JiangsuUniversity BangabandhuSheikhMujiburRahmanAgricultural Zhenjiang,Jiangsu, China University Gazipur, Bangladesh M.D.Hazrol Department ofAgronomy AdvancedEngineeringMaterialsandComposites FacultyofAgriculture (AEMC) BangladeshAgricultural University Departmentof MechanicalandManufacturing Mymensingh,Bangladesh Engineering Facultyof Engineering A.K.M. MominulIslam UniversitiPutraMalaysia Department ofAgronomy Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia FacultyofAgriculture BangladeshAgricultural University XiaoweiHuang Mymensingh,Bangladesh Agricultural ProductProcessingandStorageLab SchoolofFoodandBiological Engineering SamuelChidiIwuji SchoolofAgricultural EquipmentEngineering Department ofBiomedicalTechnology JiangsuUniversity School ofHealthTechnology Zhenjiang,Jiangsu, China FederalUniversityofTechnology Owerri,Nigeria M.R.M.Huzaifah Departmentof CropScience TahminaSadia Jamini Facultyof Agricultural ScienceandForestry Department ofGenetics andPlant Breeding UniversitiPutraMalaysiaBintulu Campus BangabandhuSheikhMujiburRahmanAgricultural Bintulu,Sarawak,Malaysia University Gazipur, Bangladesh R.Ibrahim Innovation&Commercialization Division H.Kelebek ForestResearchInstitute Malaysia (FRIM) Department ofFoodEngineering Kepong,Selangor,Malaysia FacultyofEngineering PulpandPaperLaboratory AdanaAlparslanTurkes ScienceandTechnology BiomassTechnologyProgramme UniversityAdana ForestProductsDivision Adana,Turkey ForestResearchInstitute Malaysia Kepong,Selangor,Malaysia J.M.Khir Department ofManufacturingTechnology R.A.Ilyas KolejKumunitiKuantan SchoolofChemicalandEnergyEngineering Kuantan,Pahang,Malaysia Facultyof Engineering UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia LauKiaKian JohorBahru,Johor,Malaysia LaboratoryofBiocomposite Technology CentreforAdvanced CompositeMaterials(CACM) Institute ofTropical ForestryandForestProducts (INTROP) UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia UniversitiPutraMalaysia JohorBahru,Johor,Malaysia Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia LISTOF CONTRIBUTORS vii W.Kirubaanand R.Nadlene AdvancedEngineeringMaterials andComposites FakultiKejuruteraan Mekanikal (AEMC) UniversitiTeknikal MalaysiaMelaka Department ofMechanicalandManufacturing Melaka,Malaysia Engineering Centrefor AdvancedResearchonEnergy(CARe) FacultyofEngineering UniversitiTeknikal MalaysiaMelaka UniversitiPutraMalaysia Melaka,Malaysia Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia PreranaNashine ZhihuaLi Department ofMechanical Engineering Agricultural ProductProcessingandStorageLab NationalInstitute ofTechnology Schoolof FoodandBiological Engineering Rourkela,Odisha,India Schoolof Agricultural EquipmentEngineering JiangsuUniversity A.Nazrin Zhenjiang,Jiangsu, China AdvancedEngineering MaterialsandComposites (AEMC) SuzanaMali Department ofMechanical andManufacturing Department ofBiochemistryandBiotechnology Engineering StateUniversityofLondrina FacultyofEngineering Londrina,Paraná,Brazil UniversitiPutraMalaysia Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia Y.Martínez-Meza ResearchandGraduate Studiesin MohamadBinOsman FoodScience FacultyofPlantation andAgrotechnology FacultaddeQuímica UniversitiTechnologyMara(UiTM) Universidad AutónomadeQuerétaro ShahAlam,Selangor,Malaysia Querétaro,Mexico J.Pérez-Jiménez MohsinBinMohamad Department ofMetabolismandNutrition UKM-MTDCSymbiosisProgramme Institute ofFoodScience UniversitiKebangsaanMalaysia(UKM) TechnologyandNutrition (ICTAN-CSIC) Bangi,Selangor,Malaysia Madrid,Spain BahaeldeenBabikerMohamed ThatayaonePhologolo NationalCentrefor Research(NCR) Department ofFamilyandConsumerScience Environment&NaturalResourcesResearchInstitute UniversityofBotswana (ENRRI) Gaborone,Botswana Khartoum,Sudan A.M.Radzi JosphatIgadwaMwasiagi Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Department ofManufacturing Technology IndustrialandTextileEngineering UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia Schoolof Engineering KualaLumpur, Malaysia MoiUniversity Eldoret,Kenya UpendraRajak Department ofMechanical Engineering RajeevGandhiMemorial CollegeofEngineeringand Technology Nandyal,AndhraPradesh, India viii LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS N.B.Razali S.F.K.Sherwani SectionofEnvironmental EngineeringTechnology AdvancedEngineering MaterialsandComposites UniversitiKualaLumpur-MalaysianInstitute of (AEMC) ChemicalandBioengineering Technology Department ofMechanical andManufacturing 78000Alor Gajah,,Melaka, Engineering Malaysia FacultyofEngineering UniversitiPutraMalaysia SanjayMavikereRangappa Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia Department ofMaterialsandProduction Engineering TheSirindhornInternational Thai-GermanGraduate JiyongShi SchoolofEngineering Agricultural ProductProcessing andStorageLab KingMongkut’sUniversityofTechnologyNorth School ofFoodandBiologicalEngineering Bangkok School ofAgricultural Equipment Engineering Bangkok,Thailand JiangsuUniversity Zhenjiang, Jiangsu,China R.Reynoso-Camacho ResearchandGraduate StudiesinFoodScience PankajShrivastava FacultaddeQuímica Department ofMechanical Engineering Universidad AutónomadeQuerétaro PrestigeInstitute ofEngineering Managementand Querétaro,Mexico Research Indore,MadhyaPradesh, India S.M.Sapuan AdvancedEngineeringMaterials andBiocomposites SuchartSiengchin ResearchCentre (AEMC) Department ofMaterialsandProduction Engineering Department ofMechanicalandManufacturing TheSirindhornInternational Thai-German Graduate Engineering School ofEngineering FacultyofEngineering KingMongkut’sUniversityofTechnologyNorth UniversitiPutraMalaysia Bangkok Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia Bangkok,Thailand LaboratoryofBiocomposite Technology D.Sivakumar Institute ofTropicalForestry andForestProducts FakultiKejuruteraan Mekanikal (INTROP) UniversitiTeknikal MalaysiaMelaka UniversitiPutraMalaysia Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia HangTuahJaya 76100DurianTunggal,Melaka,Malaysia S.Selli A.Suhrisman Department ofFoodEngineering AdvancedEngineering MaterialsandBiocomposites FacultyofAgriculture ResearchCentre(AEMC) CukurovaUniversityAdana Adana,Turkey Department ofMechanical andManufacturing Engineering O.Sevindik FacultyofEngineering UniversitiPutraMalaysia Department ofFoodEngineering FacultyofEngineering Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia AdanaAlparslanTurkesScience andTechnology R.Syafiq UniversityAdana Adana,Turkey AdvancedEngineeringMaterialsandComposites(AEMC) DepartmentofMechanicalandManufacturing CukurovaUniversityCentralResearchLaboratory Engineering Adana FacultyofEngineering Adana,Turkey UniversitiPutraMalaysia Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia LISTOF CONTRIBUTORS ix J.Tarique XiaodongZhai AdvancedEngineeringMaterials andComposites Agricultural ProductProcessing andStorageLab (AEMC) School ofFoodandBiologicalEngineering Department ofMechanicalandManufacturing School ofAgricultural Equipment Engineering Engineering JiangsuUniversity FacultyofEngineering Zhenjiang, Jiangsu,China UniversitiPutraMalaysia Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia JunjunZhang Agricultural ProductProcessing andStorageLab TikendraNathVerma School ofFoodandBiologicalEngineering Department ofMechanicalEngineering School ofAgricultural Equipment Engineering MaulanaAzadNationalInstitute ofTechnology JiangsuUniversity Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh, India Zhenjiang, Jiangsu,China Z.M.Zahfiq XiaoboZou AdvancedEngineeringMaterials andComposites Agricultural ProductProcessing andStorageLab (AEMC) School ofFoodandBiologicalEngineering Department ofMechanicalandManufacturing JiangsuUniversity Engineering Zhenjiang, Jiangsu,China FacultyofEngineering UniversitiPutraMalaysia Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia