Romantic Norths: Anglo-Nordic Exchanges, 1770-1842 PDF
Preview Romantic Norths: Anglo-Nordic Exchanges, 1770-1842
Romantic Norths CianDuffy Editor Romantic Norths – Anglo-Nordic Exchanges, 1770 1842 Editor CianDuffy LundUniversity Lund,Sweden ISBN978-3-319-51245-7 ISBN978-3-319-51246-4(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-51246-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017935472 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsof translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesare exemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformation in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespectto thematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.The publisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitu- tionalaffiliations. Coverillustration:MartinusRørbye-ViewfromtheArtist’sWindow,courtesyofSMKat NationalGalleryofDenmark Printedonacid-freepaper ThisPalgraveMacmillanimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS This volume began life at a conference held at St Mary’s University, Strawberry Hill, in November 2014, jointly organised by the Department of English literature at St Mary’s and The Nordic Association for Romantic Studies. We owe a deep debt of gratitude to Peter Howell, my friend and then colleague at St Mary’s, without whose initiativethatconferencewouldneverhavetakenplace.Wewouldliketo take this opportunity also to thank the Danish Embassy in London, and the Anglo-Swedish Literary Foundation, both of which gave generous financial support to the conference. To Ben Doyle, Eva Hodgkin, Milly Davies, andall the team at Palgrave,our thanks fortheir professionalism, enthusiasm,and supportthroughout allstages of theproject. Andto our anonymous reader at Palgrave, thanks are due for some really cogent feedback which helped considerably to bring the book to its final shape. Forkindpermissiontoquotefrommanuscriptmaterialandtoreproduce illustrations, we would like to thank: the Hirschprung Collection, Copenhagen; the Linnean Society, London; the National Gallery of Denmark; and the National Library of Scotland. Some material from the Coda appeared in earlier form in ‘“There was a time”: William Wordsworth and Jens Baggesen recollecting childhood’, ANQ 28 (May 2016), pp. 170–173. Every effort has been made to trace rights holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers would be pleasedto makethe necessary arrangementsat the first opportunity. v C ONTENTS Introduction:‘the lessknown,but equallyromantic, regions ofthe north’ 1 Cian Duffy ‘Imaginary circles roundthe human mind’: Bias andOpenness in MaryWollstonecraft’sLettersWritten During a ShortResidenceinSweden,Norway, andDenmark(1796) 29 Christoph Bode British TravellersVisiting Finland:from‘Enlightened’ Expectations to‘Romantic’ Fulfilment 53 LeenaEilittä Constructing andClassifying ‘the North’:Linnaeus andLapland 75 AnnikaLindskog InventingJutland for the‘GoldenAge’: Danish Artists Guidedby SirWalter Scott 101 GertrudOelsner ‘Theydance allunder the greenwood tree’: British andDanish Romantic-PeriodAdaptations of Two Danish ‘Elf Ballads’ 129 LisMøller vii viii CONTENTS ‘The North’ and‘the East’: The OdinMigration Theory 153 Robert Rix ‘These childrenofnature’: CulturalExchange in Nineteenth-CenturyDanish Imaginingsof Greenland 181 Lone KølleMartinsen Locating Norwayin ‘the North’: the CulturalGeography of Norwayin Strickland’s‘ArthurRidley; or, aVoyage toNorway’ (1826)andAndersen’s ‘Elverhøi’ (1845) 203 ElettraCarbone A‘remote andcheerless possession’: Early Nineteenth-Century BritishImaginingsof Newfoundland 231 Pam Perkins Coda: Comparingthe Literatureof ‘the North’ –William Wordsworthand JensBaggesen 251 Cian Duffy Bibliography 259 Index 277 L F IST OF IGURES Fig.1 HendrikHollander,CarolusLinnaeusinLaponianCostume (1853).ReproducedbykindpermissionofTheLinnean Society,London 79 Fig.2 SketchbyLinnaeusof‘theLaplandAlps’,reproducedinJames EdwardSmith,ed.andtransl.LachesisLapponica:ATour inLapland,2vols.(London,1811),vol.1,p.268.Reproduced bykindpermissionofTheLinneanSociety,London 92 Fig.3 ‘Frontispiece’toLinnaeus,FloraLapponica(1737). ReproducedbykindpermissionofTheLinneanSociety, London 94 Fig.4 MartinusRørbye,Udsigtudoverhede–ellerklitlandskab. Iforgrundennoglestorebakker;påenafdemstårenmand ogserudoversletten(1830).Reproducedbykindpermission oftheNationalGalleryofDenmark 114 Fig.5 JohanThomasLundbye,Hedelandskab(1836).Reproducedby kindpermissionoftheHirschprungCollection,Copenhagen 117 Fig.6 JohanThomasLundbye,ErindringfraHelvede(1836). ReproducedbykindpermissionoftheHirschprungCollection, Copenhagen 117 ix B N C RITAIN AND THE ORDIC OUNTRIES R P : S IN THE OMANTIC ERIOD A ELECT C HRONOLOGY 1770 Publication of Thomas Percy’s Northern Antiquities: or, A Description of the Manners, Customs, Religion and Laws of the AncientDanes,andotherNorthernNations(2vols.).Atranslation of earlier work by Paul Henri Mallet, professor of belles lettres at Copenhagen University, Northern Antiquities was one of the key stimuli of British ‘antiquarian’ interest during the late eighteenth centuryandromanticperiodinclassicalScandinavianculture. 1796 PublicationofMaryWollstonecraft’sLettersWrittenDuringaShort Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, arguably the most influentialBritishromantic-periodtravelogueabout‘theNorth’. 1798 SamuelTaylorColeridgereadscontemporaryDanishauthorswhilst in Goslar with William and Dorothy Wordsworth in the winter of 1798–1799. 1801 TheBattleofCopenhagen(2April).InMarch1801,Britainsenta naval expeditionary force under the command of Admiral Hyde Parker and Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson to break the League of Armed Neutrality – an alliance of Denmark-Norway, Sweden, Prussia, and Russia which openly flouted the British blockade on Frenchports–andtoseizetheDanishfleettopreventitfromfalling intoFrenchhands.Afterfourhoursoffighting,atrucewasdeclared andnegotiationsbegantoendtheLeagueandtransfertheDanish fleet. xi xii BRITAINANDTHENORDICCOUNTRIESINTHEROMANTICPERIOD… 1807 Fearing that Napoleon would either persuade or compel neutral Denmark-Norway to join the war against Britain and close the Baltic to British ships, Britain sent a second expeditionary force to Copenhagen,withinstructionstotakepossessionbynegotiationor forceoftheDanishfleet,whichhadbeenrebuiltinpartsince1801. When Denmark refused Britain’s terms, the British force attacked. Copenhagenwasbombardedfromtheseaon2–5September,caus- ingmanyciviliancasualties.AfterthedepartureoftheBritishforce, DenmarkallieditselfwithFrance. 1807–1818 Publication at Copenhagen of Peter Foersom’s Danish-language editionoftheplaysofShakespeare. 1808–1809 TheFinnishWar,foughtbetweenRussiaandSweden.Theculmina- tion of decades of intermittent conflict between the two countries overcontrolofthenortheasternpartofSweden,thewarof1808– 1809 saw the Grand Duchy of Finland established as an autono- mouspartoftheRussianEmpire. 1811 FirstpublicationofthejournalmadebyLinnaeusduringhisexpedi- tion to Swedish Lapland in 1732, in English translation by James EdwardSmithasLachesisLapponica. 1814 Britain,Sweden,andDenmark-NorwaysigntheTreatyofKiel,thus formally ending the hostilities which had been ongoing since the outbreakoftheRevolutionaryWars.Underthetermsofthetreaty, Denmark was granted possession of Greenland but forced to cede NorwaytoSweden. 1815 PublicationatCopenhagenofthefirsteditionoftheMSofBeowulf, bytheIcelandicscholarandprofessorofantiquitiesatCopenhagen University,GrímurJónssonThorkelín.AnearliereditionoftheMS byThorkelínhadbeendestroyedshortlybeforepublicationin1807 duringtheBritishbombardmentofCopenhagen. 1817 ThefirstDanishtranslationsofpoemsbyLordByronpublishedby thewriterandeditorKnudLyneRahbek. 1818 Sweden adopts a new constitution and establishes the House of Bernadotte as the new royal household of Sweden and Norway. Jean Bernadotte, a former general in Napoleon’s army, becomes KingKarlJohanofSwedenandNorway. 1819 Thomas De Quincey publishes a series of articles in The Westmoreland Gazette arguing that the dialect of the English Lake DistrictwasDanishinorigin. 1820s Works by Lord Byron and Walter Scott increasingly available in translationacrossScandinavia.
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