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Romans at War This volume addresses the fundamental importance of the army, warfare, and military service to the development of both the Roman Republic and wider Italic society in the second half of the first millennium BC. It brings together emerging and established scholars in the area of Roman military studies to engage with subjects such as the relationship between warfare and economic and demographic regimes; the interplay of war, aris- tocratic politics, and state formation; and the complex role the military played in the integration of Italy. The book demonstrates the centrality of war to Rome’s internal and external relationships during the Republic, as well as to the Romans’ sense of identity and history. It also illustrates the changing scholarly view of warfare as a social and cultural construct in antiquity, and how much work remains to be done in what is often thought of as a “traditional” area of research. Romans at War will be of interest to students and scholars of the Roman army and ancient warfare, and of Roman society more broadly. Jeremy Armstrong is a Senior Lecturer in Ancient History at the Univer- sity of Auckland, New Zealand. He received his BA from the University of New Mexico and his MLitt and PhD from the University of St Andrews. He works primarily on archaic central Italy, and most specifically early Roman warfare. He is the author of War and Society in Early Rome: From Warlords to Generals (2016) and the editor of a number of volumes, including Rituals of Triumph (2013) and Circum Mare: Themes in Ancient Warfare (2016). Michael P. Fronda is Associate Professor in the Department of History and Classical Studies at McGill University. He received his PhD from The Ohio State University. He writes on Roman political and military history, interstate relations, and Roman and Pre-Roman Italy. He is the author of Between Rome and Carthage: Southern Italy during the Second Punic War (2010). Routledge Monographs in Classical Studies Titles include the following: Power Couples in Antiquity Transversal Perspectives Edited by Anne Bielman Sánchez The Extramercantile Economies of Greek and Roman Cities New Perspectives on the Economic History of Classical Antiquity Edited by David B. Hollander, Thomas R. Blanton IV, and John T. Fitzgerald The Bible, Homer, and the Search for Meaning in Ancient Myths Why We Would Be Better Off With Homer’s Gods John Heath Fantasy in Greek and Roman Literature Graham Anderson Piracy, Pillage, and Plunder in Antiquity Appropriation and the Ancient World Edited by Richard Evans and Martine de Marre Romans at War Soldiers, Citizens, and Society in the Roman Republic Edited by Jeremy Armstrong and Michael P. Fronda Discourse of Kingship in Classical Greece Carol Atack For more information on this series, visit: https://www.routledge.com/ classicalstudies/series/RMCS Romans at War Soldiers, Citizens, and Society in the Roman Republic Edited by Jeremy Armstrong and Michael P. Fronda First published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 selection and editorial matter, Jeremy Armstrong and Michael P. Fronda; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Jeremy Armstrong and Michael P. Fronda to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-1-138-48019-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-351-06350-0 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by codeMantra For Nate Rosenstein Contents List of maps ix List of tables xi List of contributors xiii Preface and acknowledgments xvii Note on texts, translations, and abbreviation xix Maps xxi 1 Writing about Romans at war 1 JEREMY ARMSTRONG AND MICHAEL P. FRONDA 2 The institutionalization of warfare in early Rome 17 FRED K. DROGULA 3 The price of expansion: agriculture, debt-dependency, and warfare during the rise of the Republic, c. 450–287 35 PETER VANDERPUY 4 The dilectus-tributum system and the settlement of fourth century Italy 52 JAMES TAN 5 Organized chaos: manipuli, socii, and the Roman army c. 300 76 JEREMY ARMSTRONG 6 Poor man’s war – rich man’s fight: military integration in Republican Rome 99 MARIAN HELM 7 “Take the sword away from that girl!” Combat, gender, and vengeance in the middle Republic 116 JOHN SERRATI viii Contents 8 The middle Republican soldier and systems of social distinction 134 KATHRYN H. MILNE 9 Uncovering a “Lost Generation” in the senate: demography and the Hannibalic War 154 CARY BARBER 10 Titus Quinctius Flamininus’ “Italian triumph” 171 MICHAEL P. FRONDA 11 Ager publicus: land as a spoil of war in the Roman Republic 191 SASKIA T. ROSELAAR 12 The manipular army system and command decisions in the second century 210 JEREMIAH McCALL 13 Anecdotal history and the Social War 232 JESSICA H. CLARK 14 SPQR SNAFU: indiscipline and internal conflict in the late Republic 247 LEE L. BRICE 15 From slave to citizen: the lessons of Servius Tullius 267 JACK WELLS 16 The transformation of the Roman army in the last decades of the Republic 283 FRANÇOIS GAUTHIER 17 Epilogue 297 NATHAN ROSENSTEIN Bibliography 309 Index 341 Maps 1 The city of Rome. Produced by the Ancient World Mapping Center. xxi 2 Ancient Latium. Produced by the Ancient World Mapping Center. xxii 3 Central Italy with Roman voting Tribes. Produced by the Ancient World Mapping Center. xxii 4 Italy with Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia with major roads, c. 100 BC. Produced by the Ancient World Mapping Center. xxiii 5 Italy: Roman, Latin and Allied Territories, c. 100 BC. Map courtesy of the USMA, Department of History. Used with permission. xxiv 6 The Mediterranean c. 100 BC. Ancient World Mapping Center © 2019 (awmc.unc.edu). Used with permission. xxv