Roman pottery: fine-ware imports (Athenian Agora 32)

515 Pages·2008·16.14 MB·English

by  John W. Hayes

THE ATHENIAN AGORA
RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS
CONDUCTED BY
THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS
VOLUME XXXII
ROMAN POTTERY
FINE-WARE IMPORTS
BY
W. HAYES
JOHN
THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS
PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY
2008
? The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 2008
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hayes, John W., 1938
Roman pottery : fine-ware imports / by John W. Hayes,
p. cm. ? (The Athenian Agora ; v. 32)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-87661-232-3 (alk. paper)
1. Pottery, Roman?Expertising?Greece?Athens. 2. Agora (Athens, Greece)
I. Title.
NK3850.H35 2008
738.30937'09385?dc22 2008046955
TYPOGRAPHY BY ASCSA PUBLICATIONS
6-8 CHARLTON STREET, PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY EDWARDS BROTHERS, INCORPORATED, ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN
PREFACE
volume is outmoded in its The material with which it is
self-confessedly approach.
This concerned was excavated mainly in the 1930s (before the current author's birth!),
1940s, and 1950s, and was firstw orked on by F. O. Waage (during the firsts easons) and then
S. Robinson from the late 1930s onward.
extensively by Henry
My own linksw ith the Agora commenced (with initial guidance from Robinson) in the
early 1960s, and furnished crucial elements form y doctoral thesis (1964) and later the book
Late Roman Pottery (1972). In the 1950s, when The Athenian AgoraN: Potteryo f thRe oman Period:
Chronology was in preparation, Robinson's plan was to follow this with a companion volume,
Typology. This, given the constant inflow of new finds, soon proved an undertaking too large
to be encompassed in a single volume, and the task was divided in two: the fine-ware imports
were allocated a volume of their own (in which I was made responsible for the Late Roman
red-ware classes). The publication of the locally made slip-coated and coarse wares was reserved
for the future; this work was subsequently allocated to B. L. Johnson, who some years ago
completed the cataloguing of the main slip-coated series and some plain wares, but lacked
the time to deal with the coarser
products.
Meanwhile, Robinson's study did not keep pace with newer developments, and my manu
scripts of the early 1970s, periodically updated, were held in reserve until the later 1980s,
when Robinson a last revision of texts on the earlier Roman fine wares. Sub
produced partial
theA merican School of Classical Studies atA thens Publications Committee invited
sequently,
me to undertake a final revision of the whole volume; this, with additions to the Catalogue
and extensive reworking of the accompanying illustrations, has lasted until the present.
Thus the present text incorporates over 60 years of observations on Agora finds by two (if
not more) generations of researchers. Parts of the initial versions of the introductory text
discussions were written 30 to 40 years ago: they provide the basic framework for Chapters
2-4 below (and some other elements of the final manuscript). These texts reflected the
excavation and of the times in and have now been
publication priorities question, mostly
rewritten with a view to greater brevity and relevance to the present. However, some of Rob
inson's partial typologies, where useful, have been incorporated, with suitable modification.
I have tried to keep as close as possible to Robinson's catalogue text, which is essentially
but where I feel confident that the new evidence from elsewhere
descriptive, justifies major
redating or reclassification of an object or category I have not hesitated to make significant
changes. Simple renumbering and supplementary context information obtained from the
excavation files are not identified. Some unessential and outdated remarks have
verbiage
been eliminated. I have also tended to retain Robinson's of the
original ordering sigillata
wares, with Eastern A and B and the Italian Terra some
Sigillata grouped together, Sigillata
what illogically following the latter (which essentially copies it). To have fully rearranged
and integrated these items would have caused yet further delay in publication. For the same
viii PREFACE
reason, I have omitted reference to most new notices of the Italian and other sigillata wares,
merely adding those works that are of special significance: corpora (EAA, AtlanteW [for the
Eastern Sigillata wares]), Conspectus (for Italian Terra Sigillata), and Kenrick's second edition
of CVArret (2000), some recent literature on finds from Greek sites, and selected other stud
ies (e.g., Porten Palange's 1989 article on Arretine ware molds, and major new works such
as Slane's on the Tel Anafa finds [1997]).
It should be noted that identified local imitations of imported decorated wares (some
already broached by Robinson) are excluded, with the exception of the situlae 1654-1684,
which, itw as felt, could hardly be separated conveniently from their imported prototypes.
Only finds from excavation work up to 1968 are included; those from subsequent cam
paigns (under the directorships of T. Leslie Shear Jr. and John McK. Camp II) are reserved
for final elsewhere. A few more recent finds of the wares documented
publication Agora
here are noted briefly (in discussions of their contexts) in the ongoing preliminary reports
inH esperiahy those authors;1 these are merely mentioned here in passing in the appropriate
sections of the
Catalogue.
1. See footnote references by T. L. Shear Jr. in Shear 1973a,
p. 137; 1973b, p. 396; 1975, pp. 345, 354; 1984, p. 36; 1997,
p. 511.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
is my pleasant task to thank all those who have in various ways contributed over the
IT last four decades to the appearance of this volume. I can only apologize (too late, I fear,
for some concerned) for the untoward delay in its final publication.
My initial thanks go to Professor Henry S. Robinson, for introducing me to theA gora finds
in 1960-1961, and subsequently sharing his proposed publication with me. Professor Homer
A. Thompson, then director of the Athenian Agora excavations, soon provided encourage
ment, and thus began a 40-year association, which is here fondly remembered. Thanks to
him and Dorothy B. Thompson, who were on several occasions (from 1967/1968 onward)
my hosts at Princeton, I was able to profit from the facilities and library of the Institute for
Advanced Study at Princeton, where part of the Agora archives and the Publications unit
were then based.
In Athens I received particular help from J. Travlos, V. R. Grace, A. Frantz, J. (Perlzweig-)
Binder, E. Vanderpool, S. Rotroff, and various members of the Agora team.
Help with the parallel finds from Corinth and Isthmia was provided by H. S. Robinson,
O. Broneer, C. K. Williams II, N. Bookidis, K. Slane, E. R. Gebhard, and their various assis
tants.
For financial help I am particularly indebted to the Leverhulme Trust (1963-1964), the
ASCSA (1966-1967), the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto
(paid study leave at various times during the period 1968-1991, facilitated byN . Leipen), and
Professor T. L. Shear Jr. (early 1990s). The British School at Athens has provided accommo
dation and my main libraryb ase while inA thens throughout this undertaking. The ASCSA
and several of the other foreign schools and institutes in Athens have at various times served
as hosts and have offered facilities.
study
The photographs are essentially by A. Frantz and C. Mauzy (with some use of earlier
negatives), whereas the drawings are mostly my own. Restoration and conservation work was
handled over the years by S. Spyropoulos and various assistants. For secretarial and archival
assistance, I thank successive members of the Agora archives office (Stoa of Attalos), especially
L. Talcott, P. Demoulini, and J. Jordan. The computer-generated new version of the master
site plan appearing in Plans 1 and 2 was prepared by R. C. Anderson. At the Princeton end,
coordination and final production has been handled by the successive editors of the Agora
series, specificallyM . McAllister and K. Cox. The final copyediting was done by T. Wardell.
In addition, I have greatly benefited over the years from discussions with colleagues in
various universities and museums, and on many excavation projects in Mediterranean coun
tries and beyond. With their assistance, I have obtained access to many important libraries,
notably that of theU niversity of Toronto (during the years 1968-1991). Special thanks go to
H. Comfort and P.M . Kenrick (forh elp with Italian Terra Sigillata stamps), and toL . Benachi
(information on Alexandria and Egypt). A number of the Spanish works cited here were
brought to my attention by L. Curchin (and L. Neuru), Kitchener, Ontario.
CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii
LIST OF TABLES xvii
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS xix
1. INTRODUCTION 1
TERMINOLOGY 3
PROBLEMS 4
CONTEXTS 7
HISTORICAL SUMMARY 8
STYLISTIC NOTES 9
TECHNICAL OBSERVATIONS, EARLY ROMAN SIGILLATA WARES 10
2. EASTERN SIGILLATA A WARE (1-184) 13
CHRONOLOGY 19
STANDARD DECORATION 20
TYPOLOGY 21
3. EASTERN SIGILLATA B WARE (185-431) 31
STANDARD DECORATION 34
DISTRIBUTION 36
TYPOLOGY 37
4. ITALIAN AND GAULISH TERRA SIGILLATA (432-744) 41
ITALIAN SIGILLATA 41
GAULISH SIGILLATA 47
5. RED-GLOSS WARES OF THE PERGAMON REGION (745-807) 49
PERGAMON AND EARLY CANDARLI WARES 50
CANDARLI WARE: LATER SERIES 51
6. OTHER SIGILLATA WARES, MOSTLY EASTERN (808-853) 53
SAGALASSOS WARE 53
CYPRIOT SIGILLATA 53
PONTIC SIGILLATA 54
PONTIC JUGSW ITH BARBOTINE ORNAMENT 54
MISCELLANEOUS AND UNIDENTIFIED WARES 55
EMBLEMA BOWLS 55
RED-GLOSS PLATTERS IMITATING METALWARE 55
7. LEAD-GLAZE WARE (854-900) 57
xii CONTENTS
8. FINE GRAYW ARE AND RELATED WARES (HELLENISTIC DERIVATIVES) (901-935) 59
BLACK-GLOSS CAMPANAW ARE: ETRUSCAN SERIES 59
FINE GRAYW ARE 60
9. KNIDIAN GRAYW ARE AND RELATED ASIA MINOR WARES (936-952) 63
KNIDIAN GRAYW ARE 63
RELATED ASIA MINOR WARES 64
10. AFRICAN RED SLIP WARE (953-1228) 67
TYPOLOGY 73
11. PHOCEAN RED SLIP WARE (1229-1419) 83
12. OTHER LATE ROMAN FINE WARES (1420-1498) 89
CYPRIOT RED SLIP WARE 89
GAULISH AND MACEDONIAN FINE GRAYW ARES 90
"LIGHT-COLORED" WARE, LATE ROMAN 91
CENTRAL GREEK PAINTED WARE 92
CONSTANTINOPLE (OR AIGINA?) WHITE WARE 92
EGYPTIAN WARE 92
VARIOUS SLIP-COATED DISHES 93
LATE GOUGED JUGS 93
ASKRA/THESPIAE STAMPED WARE 94
MISCELLANEOUS TABLEWARES, MOSTLY LATE ROMAN 94
13. THIN-WALLED WARE (1499-1610) 95
MUGS: "BOCCALINI A COLLARINO" AND RELATED 101
14. KNIDIAN AND RELATED WARES: EARLY TO MIDDLE IMPERIAL (1611-1684) 105
MINOR CATEGORIES 105
KNIDIAN RELIEF WARE 105
SITULAE 108
15. CORINTHIAN RELIEF WARE: MIDDLE IMPERIAL (1685-1711) 111
16. VARIOUS GREEK FABRICS: EARLY AND MIDDLE IMPERIAL (1712-1753) 113
EASTERN (?) AEGEAN, "ATTIKO" CLASS 113
PELOPONNESIAN AND RELATED WARES 113
CENTRAL GREEK (AMPHISSA?) WARE 114
OTHER SERIES 114
17. UNGUENTARIA AND AMPULLAE (1754-1816) 115
UNGUENTARIA: EARLY ROMAN TYPES 115
UNGUENTARIA AND AMPULLAE: LATE TYPES 116
18. "POMPEIAN RED" WARE BAKING DISHES (1817-1824) 119
CATALOGUE 123
DEPOSIT SUMMARIES 291
APPENDIX: DEPOSIT SUMMARIES BYW ARE 307
CONCORDANCE OF AGORA EXCAVATIONS INVENTORY NUMBERS 309
GENERAL INDEX 329
INDEX OF TECHNIQUES AND MOTIFS 335
INDEX OF PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS 339
INDEX OF INSCRIPTIONS 343
ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURES
1. Eastern Sigillata A: shape I
2. Eastern Sigillata A: shapes II and III
3. Eastern Sigillata A: shapes III-VT
4. Eastern Sigillata A: shapes VI-IX
5. Eastern Sigillata A: shapes IX (and variant), X, XIII-XV
6. Eastern Sigillata A: shapes XVI (and miscellaneous) and XVII
7. Eastern Sigillata A: shapes XVIII, XIX, and various late shapes. Eastern Sigillata Bl: plates and platters
8. Eastern Sigillata Bl: plates and cups
9. Eastern Sigillata Bl: cups
10. Eastern Sigillata Bl: cups, bowls, chalices
11. Eastern Sigillata Bl: beakers, closed shapes. Eastern Sigillata B2: early shapes, shape II
12. Eastern Sigillata B2: shapes III-VI and unclassified shape
13. Eastern Sigillata B2: shapes VI-VIII and miscellaneous forms
14. Eastern Sigillata B2: late shapes. Ephesian Red-Gloss ware. Italian Sigillata: plates/dishes
15. Italian Sigillata: plates/dishes
16. Italian Sigillata: plates/dishes
17. Italian Sigillata: plates/dishes
18. Italian Sigillata: plates/dishes, cups and bowls
19. Italian Sigillata: cups and bowls
20. Italian Sigillata: cups and bowls
21. Italian Sigillata: cups and bowls
22. Italian Sigillata: molded relief ware
23. Italian Sigillata: Campanian Orange Sigillata. Gaulish Sigillata. Pergamon and Candarh wares
24. Pergamon and Qandarh wares
25. Candarh ware: late series
26. Sagalassos ware. Cypriot Sigillata. Pontic Sigillata. Miscellaneous and unidentified wares
27. Miscellaneous wares. Emblema bowls. Red-gloss platters. Lead-glaze ware
28. Lead-glaze ware. Black-gloss Campana ware
29. Fine Gray ware
30. Fine Gray ware. Knidian Gray ware. Related Asia Minor wares. African Red Slip ware
31. African Red Slip ware
32. African Red Slip ware
33. African Red Slip ware
34. African Red Slip ware
35. African Red Slip ware
36. African Red Slip ware
37. African Red Slip ware. Phocean Red Slip ware
38. Phocean Red Slip ware
xiv ILLUSTRATIONS
39. Phocean Red Slip ware
40. Phocean Red Slip ware
41. Phocean Red Slip ware
42. Phocean Red Slip ware. Cypriot Red Slip ware. Gaulish and Macedonian fine gray wares
43. Late Roman "Light-colored" ware
44. Central Greek painted ware. Constantinople White ware. Egyptian ware. Unclassified ware. Late gouged jugs.
ware
Askra/Thespiae stamped
45. Miscellaneous tablewares
46. Thin-walled ware: plain
47. Thin-walled ware: plain
48. Thin-walled ware: plain
49. Thin-walled ware: plain and color-coated
50. Thin-walled ware: mugs
51. Thin-walled ware: mugs. Knidian ware
52. Knidian ware: relief ware
53. Knidian ware: situlae
54. Corinthian relief ware. Eastern Aegean, "Attiko" class and related wares
55. Peloponnesian and related wares. Central Greek ware. Other wares
56. Unguentaria and ampullae. "Pompeian Red" ware baking dishes
PLATES
1. Eastern Sigillata A: shapes I?III
2. Eastern Sigillata A: shapes III, IV
3. Eastern Sigillata A: shapes V-VII
4. Eastern Sigillata A: shapes VIII-X, XIII-XVIII
5. Eastern Sigillata A: shape XIX. Various late shapes. Eastern Sigillata Bl: plates and platters
6. Eastern Sigillata Bl: plates
7. Eastern Sigillata Bl: plate and cups
8. Eastern Sigillata Bl: cups
9. Eastern Sigillata Bl: cups
10. Eastern Sigillata Bl: cups and bowls
11. Eastern Sigillata Bl: cups, chalices, and beaker
12. Eastern Sigillata B2: early shapes, shapes II, III
13. Eastern Sigillata B2: shapes III-V
14. Eastern Sigillata B2: shape V
15. Eastern Sigillata B2: shapes V, VI, and unclassified shapes
16. Eastern Sigillata B2: shape VI
17. Eastern Sigillata B2: shapes VI, VII, and unclassified shapes
18. Eastern Sigillata B2: shapes VII, VIII
19. Eastern Sigillata B2: shape VIII and miscellaneous forms. Ephesian Red-Gloss ware
20. Italian Sigillata: plates/dishes
21. Italian Sigillata: plates/dishes
22. Italian Sigillata: plates/dishes
23. Italian Sigillata: plates/dishes
24. Italian Sigillata: plates/dishes
25. Italian Sigillata: plates/dishes
26. Italian Sigillata: plates/dishes
27. Italian Sigillata: plates/dishes
28. Italian Sigillata: plates/dishes, cups and bowls
29. Italian Sigillata: cups and bowls
30. Italian Sigillata: cups and bowls
ILLUSTRATIONS xv
31. Italian Sigillata: cups and bowls
32. Italian Sigillata: cups and bowls
33. Italian Sigillata: cups and bowls
34. Italian Sigillata: cups and bowls
35. Italian Sigillata: cups and bowls
36. Italian Sigillata: cups and bowls
37. Italian Sigillata: cups and bowls, stamped indeterminate sherds
38. Italian Sigillata: stamped indeterminate sherds
39. Italian Sigillata: molded relief ware
40. Italian Sigillata: molded relief ware
41. Italian Sigillata: molded relief ware
42. Italian Sigillata: molded relief ware, Campanian Orange Sigillata
43. Gaulish Sigillata: molded relief ware
44. Gaulish Sigillata: marbled ware, plain ware.
Pergamon and early Qandarh wares: emblema bowls, orange-red fabric
45. Qandarli ware. Cypriot Sigillata. Pontic Sigillata. Miscellaneous wares. Emblema bowls
46. Red-gloss platters. Lead-glaze ware
47. Lead-glaze ware
48. Lead-glaze ware. Fine Gray ware
49. Fine Gray ware. Knidian Gray ware. Related Asia Minor wares
50. African Red Slip ware
51. African Red Slip ware
52. African Red Slip ware
53. African Red Slip ware
54. African Red Slip ware
55. African Red Slip ware
56. African Red Slip ware
57. African Red Slip ware
58. African Red Slip ware
59. African Red Slip ware
60. Phocean Red Slip ware
61. Phocean Red Slip ware
62. Phocean Red Slip ware
63. Phocean Red Slip ware
64. Phocean Red Slip ware: stamped fragments
65. Phocean Red Slip ware: stamped fragments
66. Phocean Red Slip ware: stamped fragments
67. Phocean Red Slip ware: stamped fragments
68. Phocean Red Slip ware: stamped fragments
69. Phocean Red Slip ware. Cypriot Red Slip ware
70. Gaulish and Macedonian fine gray wares. Late Roman "Light-colored" ware. Central Greek painted ware
71. Constantinople White ware. Egyptian ware
72. Late gouged jugs. Askra/Thespiae stamped ware. Miscellaneous tablewares
73. Miscellaneous tablewares
74. Thin-walled ware
75. Thin-walled ware
76. Thin-walled ware: mugs
77. Knidian ware: minor categories, relief ware
78. Knidian ware: relief ware
79. Knidian ware: relief ware, situlae
80. Knidian ware: situlae
81. Knidian ware: situlae
82. Knidian ware: situlae