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Roman Empire PDF

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Roman Empire What happened in CDLXXVI What ? did the tortoise teach the Romans? Why the LONG FACE, Quid novi? S enator? Translation: “What’s new?” IN PARTNERSHIP WITH Roman_Empire_FC.indd 1 3/13/17 11:01 AM II (2) The Empire Begins and (cid:38)leopatra(cid:183)s (cid:193) eet in a sea (cid:69)attle at (cid:36)c(cid:16) tium, in Greece. The assassination of Roman ruler Julius Soon after that victory, Octavian became Caesar in 44 led to civil war. Over the the sole ruler of Rome. He took the name BCE next 13 years, the Roman world suffered Augustus Caesar and the title princeps from an ongoing struggle among political (cid:11)(cid:180)fi rst one(cid:181)(cid:12). (cid:55)he (cid:53)oman (cid:53)ep(cid:88)(cid:69)lic was rivals. Those battling for power included over. But because Augustus was both Caesar’s adoptive son Octavian and Marc strong and wise, he won widespread s(cid:88)p(cid:16) Antony, who had served as a general under port. Augustus reigned until his death in Caesar. Antony eventually allied himself 14 . The empire he established would CE with Cleopatra, the Egyptian queen. But in last for hundreds of years. 31 , Octavian’s forces defeated Antony BCE THE FORUM WAS Rome’s main political, religious, and busi- ness center. Built on flat ground surrounded by the city’s hills, the forum was home to many important temples, monuments, and public buildings. The Roman senate met there, in a building called the Curia. S l AUGUSTUS lCALIGULAWAS l NEROISREMEM- R Caesar, Rome’s cruel. Some say bered as the ruler E L first emperor, he wanted his who played his U restored peace horse to be an fiddle while R to Rome. official! Rome burned. Roman_Empire_2-3.indd 2 3/13/17 11:25 AM III (3) l UNDER AUGUSTUS’S l AUGUSTUS’S REIGN to Rome and sub- leadership, the marked the begin- mit to the Roman empire grew and ning of the Pax army’s control. The prospered. By the Romana (Roman Pax Romana ended end of his reign, Peace). For about during the reign of Rome controlled 200 years, the entire Emperor Marcus lands in Africa, Mediterranean world Aurelius (161–180 Asia, and Europe. remained remark- CE). Marcus (left) Augustus helped ably calm under faced revolts and unify this diverse Rome’s protection. invasions at the empire by granting Many provinces were empire’s borders citizenship to free allowed to govern in Syria, Germany, men in the prov- themselves, but they Britain, and else- inces. He also made had to pay taxes where. taxation fairer and tried to improve the TODAY lives of the poor. l TRAJAN, A l HADRIANWASA l MARCUS AURELIUS, l CONSTANTINE kind emperor, great emperor. last emperor of the made Constan- encouraged His architects Pax Romana, cam- tinople the capital education and built many mag- paigned against of the Eastern the arts. nificent buildings. the barbarians. Roman Empire. Roman_Empire_2-3.indd 3 3/13/17 11:25 AM IV (4) Trade and Money Roman Trade Network in 180 CE The emperor Augustus believed that RRoommaann EEmmppiirree building a network of roads across IInntteerrnnaall TTrraaddee RRoouuttee BBBBBBRRRRRRIIIIIITTTTTTAAAAAAIIIIIINNNNNN the empire was vital, not only for EExxtteerrnnaall TTrraaddee RRoouuttee GGGGEEEERRRRMMMMAAAANNNNYYYY LLLLLLoooooonnnnnnddddddiiiiiinnnnnniiiiiiuuuuuummmmmm conquests and defense but – just as important – for trade. The wealth GGAAUULL that trade created allowed Roman ((FFRRAANNCCEE)) AA TT LL AA NN TT II CC c(cid:88)lt(cid:88)re to (cid:193) o(cid:88)rish. OO CC EE AA NN LLLLLuuuuugggggddddduuuuunnnnnuuuuummmmm Besides roads, the Mediterranean Sea and the empire’s major rivers AArreellaattee SSSiiirrrmmmiiiuuummm RRRRRRoooooommmmmmeeeeee served as essential trade routes. BBaarrcciinnoo TTTTTTTTTTTTTTThhhhhhhhhhhhhhheeeeeeeeeeeeeeessssssssssssssssssssssssssssssaaaaaaaaaaaaaaalllllllllllllllooooooooooooooonnnnnnnnnnnnnnniiiiiiiiiiiiiiicccccccccccccccaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Byzantium Trapezus Ships carried millions of sacks of ASIA SSPPAAIINN GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRREEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEECCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE grain from Egypt to Rome each year. MINOR Antiocha Each province of the empire pro- CCCCaaaarrrrtttthhhhaaaaggggeeee duced its own exports. For example, Spain exported olive oil to other LLLLLLLLLeeeeeeeeeppppppppptttttttttiiiiiiiiisssssssss MMMMMMMMMaaaaaaaaagggggggggnnnnnnnnnaaaaaaaaa NN provinces. WW EE AAAAAAAllllllleeeeeeexxxxxxxaaaaaaannnnnnndddddddrrrrrrriiiiiiiaaaaaaa Tyrus ARABIA The Romans traded far beyond AAFFRRIICCAA EEEEGGGGYYYYPPPPTTTT SS their empire – with China, India, Persia, and non-Roman Africa. Silk cloth was a key import from China. Asian and African traders introduced the Romans to new spices. Pepper from India became a Roman favorite for cooking. Romans also used spic- lMATERIALGOODS weren’t the only es to make medicines, cosmetics, things traded and perfumes. throughout the Roman Empire. There was also a busy trade in ideas and beliefs. The Romans spread their state religion across the lands they conquered. But the religions of the conquered peoples also made their way to Rome. Some Romans uTHE ROMANSHAD value for each kind portrait. Augustus worshipped gods learned about the of coin so that and the emperors like Mithras (left), use of coins from traders across the who followed him from Persia, and the Greeks. But empire could use continued this Isis, from Egypt. it was not until the same money. practice. Most Greek philosophy 23 or 24 BCE that Coins were made Roman coins dis- also appealed to Augustus estab- of gold, silver, play the image of many Romans, lished a standard bronze, and cop- the emperor who who adopted the currency, or money, per. Julius Caesar ruled at the time ways of living for the whole had issued coins they were minted. recommended by empire. He set a stamped with his Greek thinkers. Roman_Empire_4-5_v2.indd 4 3/13/17 11:04 AM V (5) rTHE ROMANS Roman Trade Network in 180 CE were master road- builders. Over centuries, they Roman Empire constructed 50,000 Internal Trade Route BRITAIN miles of roads link- External Trade Route GERMANY ing all parts of the Londinium empire. Their roads were higher in the middle and lower GAUL at the sides so that (FRANCE) rainwater would A T L A N T I C drain into ditches. O C E A N Lugdunum The roads were Arelate Sirmium so well made that stretches of Roman Rome Barcino TTTTTTTTTTTTThhhhhhhhhhhhheeeeeeeeeeeeessssssssssssssssssssssssssaaaaaaaaaaaaalllllllllllllooooooooooooonnnnnnnnnnnnniiiiiiiiiiiiicccccccccccccaaaaaaaaaaaaa road still exist BBBByyyyzzzzaaaannnnttttiiiiuuuummmm TTTrrraaapppeeezzzuuusss today in Europe, AASSIIAA SPAIN GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGRRRRRRRRRRRRRRREEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEECCCCCCCCCCCCCCCEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Africa, and the MMIINNOORR Middle East. AAAAAAAAAAAnnnnnnnnnnntttttttttttiiiiiiiiiiioooooooooooccccccccccchhhhhhhhhhhaaaaaaaaaaa Carthage Leptis Magna N TTTTTyyyyyrrrrruuuuusssss W E AAAAAAAllllllleeeeeeexxxxxxxaaaaaaannnnnnndddddddrrrrrrriiiiiiiaaaaaaa AARRAABBIIAA AFRICA EEEEGGGGYYYYPPPPTTTT S u TRADEBETWEEN goods back and the Roman Empire forth along it. They and the far-off brought silk from land of China was China to the West made possible by and wool, gold, the Silk Road. The and silver from Silk Road was a the Roman Empire 4,000-mile path to China. Trade across central Asia. along this route u WHEREVERTHEY cities that were bathhouses, the- So did Lyon, Teams of mer- reached its height went, the Roman modeled on Rome aters, and arenas. France; its ancient chants and their in about 200 CE, armies built forts. itself. Like the The city of London, Roman name was animals – camels, during China’s Han Some of these empire’s capital, England, originated Lugdunum. donkeys, and hors- dynasty. military outposts they had their own as a Roman city es – transported developed into forums, markets, called Londinium. Roman_Empire_4-5_v2.indd 5 3/13/17 11:04 AM VI (6) The Roman Army A PLATEOFARMOR made of metal strips tied together The Roman Empire’s power with leather straps protected the upper came from its well-trained body. Although this army. Roman soldiers made metal jacket was conquest possible. Once heavy, the metal strips allowed the lands were captured, troops soldier some free- kept conquered peoples un- dom of movement. der control and protected Soldiers had to help each other the empire’s borders. put on and lace Roman soldiers were busy. up their armor. (cid:58)hen the(cid:92) weren(cid:183)t fi ghting, the(cid:92) were (cid:69)(cid:88)ilding (cid:73)orts and (cid:69)ridges, s(cid:88)per(cid:89)ising mines and (cid:84)(cid:88)arries, or making road repairs. On many days UNDERHISMETAL the(cid:92) hiked (cid:21)(cid:19) miles carr(cid:92)ing jacket, the soldier wore a 60-pound packs. tunic of wool. (cid:36)s emperor, (cid:36)(cid:88)g(cid:88)st(cid:88)s en(cid:16) acted dramatic reforms, or changes, to (cid:53)ome(cid:183)s arm(cid:92). SOLDIERSCARRIED He cut its size in half and or- metal-tipped throwing spears, gani(cid:93)ed it into (cid:21)(cid:27) militar(cid:92) daggers, and (cid:88)nits called legions, each short, double- with a few thousand sol- edged swords. diers. (cid:41)or training and fi ght(cid:16) ing, each legion was split in(cid:16) to smaller gro(cid:88)ps, called centuries, of about 100 men THISBELT, ORAPRON, each. Their commanders of leather strips were called centurions. protected the lower body. Heavy (cid:39)(cid:88)ring the time o(cid:73) the re(cid:16) weights on the public, soldiers had been bottom of each strip kept the paid not with money, but apron in place. with (cid:89)al(cid:88)a(cid:69)les taken (cid:73)rom the people they conquered. (cid:36)(cid:88)g(cid:88)st(cid:88)s changed this, too. (cid:43)e ga(cid:89)e soldiers reg(cid:88)lar pa(cid:92) THESOLDIER’S and created a retirement heavy sandals were studded program (cid:73)or them. (cid:37)eca(cid:88)se with nails. of these reforms, more men made the army a career. The army became more profes- sional – and more loyal to Rome than to any one army leader. Roman_Empire_6-7.indd 6 3/13/17 11:06 AM VII (7) CENTURIONSAND rWHENATTACKING other command- a city, Roman ing officers wore soldiers sometimes crests on their linked their shields helmets so their above their heads soldiers could in what they called spot them easily the testudo, or tor- in battle. The hel- toise. The shields met covered and protected them protected the head from the stones without blocking and missiles vision. Flaps hurled by their protected the enemies. It made cheeks and neck. a roof so strong that other soldiers could walk over it. rTHE ROMANS called this giant slingshot a ballista. It fired heavy rocks over 1,200 feet. CENTURIONS WORE red tunics under their armor. u THESIGHTOFA huge battering ram struck fear in the THESOLDIER’S hearts of Rome’s dCATAPULTSSENT rectangular shield enemies. Mounted spears soaring into was made of many on a wheeled the enemy’s camp. layers of thick platform, the ram Sometimes burning wood wrapped in pounded against rags were attached leather, with an the walls and gates to the tips of the iron rim at the top of a city or fort until spears. and bottom. The they splintered. soldier’s heavy Then the Roman pack held his per- army surged in. sonal gear, enough grain for about 15 days, cook- ing utensils, the CENTURIONSGAINED stakes needed extra protection to build a camp, from these metal and a pick, an ax, leg shields called or a saw. greaves. Roman_Empire_6-7.indd 7 3/13/17 11:06 AM VIII (8) The Life of the Poor SHORTLYAFTERBIRTH, a new baby was placed at its father’s feet. The baby was In ancient Rome, there were not accepted into great differences between the the family until the father picked up and lives of rich and poor people. held his newborn The poor lived in the dirtiest, child. noisiest, most crowded parts of the city. Their houses were poorly constructed four- and fi(cid:89)e(cid:16)stor(cid:92) apartment (cid:69)(cid:88)ildings that usually lacked heat, water, BECAUSE THEIR ENSLAVED PEOPLE, apartments had like the young and kitchens. The rooms of the no kitchens, the boy getting water, poor ate cooked poor had little furniture – per- were poorest of meats and other all. Many people haps only a chair or stool and a hot food at stalls, captured in battle bed. Few poor children learned or they bought during Roman cooked food to to read or write. This lack of conquests were bring home. Some forced into slav- education among the majority people cooked on ery. The Roman of Romans was one of the em- small stoves in the Empire’s depen- street. pire’s great weaknesses. dence on slavery was another of its weaknesses. INTHESTREETS, children pushed hoops, flew kites, and played games like blind man’s buff. Roman_Empire_8-9.indd 8 3/13/17 11:09 AM IX (9) WALKING DOWN A BYTHEFIRST Roman street could century CE, Rome be messy, because had over 45,000 apartment dwellers blocks of apart- tossed all kinds ment buildings. of garbage out of Living in these tall, their windows. narrow buildings was often danger- ous. Most were so poorly made that sooner or later they uWHENBABIES collapsed. Walls were nine days cracked or roofs old, they received fell in, and fire was this charm, called a constant danger. a bulla, which was worn around the neck to chase away evil spirits. u LIKECHILDREN today, Roman children loved to play with dolls. This wooden doll has movable arms and legs. FEWPEOPLEHADAPRIVATE water supply or indoor plumbing. Water was collected from public fountains. But the very rich had water piped directly into their homes. Roman_Empire_8-9.indd 9 3/13/17 11:09 AM N I A T I R B G E R R LONDINIUM HI M N A E N Y N A E C O C I G A U L T N (FRANCE) A L T LUGDUNUM A RAVENNA CORSICA ROME S P A I N SARDINIA ITALY D I T E R R A N E A N S E A TINGIS E M SICILY CARTHAGE N U U R E T A N I A MIDIA A M A F R I C A S a h a r a D e s e r t Roman_Empire_10-11.indd 10 3/13/17 11:12 AM

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cooked food to bring home. Some people cooked on small stoves in the street. an (right), Antoninus. Pius, and Marcus Au- relius – were capa-.
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