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Roman Egypt: A History PDF

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Roman Egypt EgyptplayedacrucialroleintheRomanEmpireforsevencenturies.It was wealthy and occupied a strategic position between the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean worlds, while its uniquely fertile lands helped to feed the imperial capitals at Rome and then Constantinople. The cultural and religious landscape of Egypt today owes much to developments during the Roman period, including in particular the forms taken by Egyptian Christianity. Moreover, we have an abundance of sources for its history during this time, espe- ciallybecauseoftherecoveryofvastnumbersofwrittentextsgiving an almost uniquely detailed picture of its society, economy, govern- ment,andculture.Thisbook,theworkofsixhistoriansandarchae- ologists from Egypt, the US, and the UK, provides students and a generalaudiencewithareadablenewintroductiontotheperiodand includes many illustrations of art, archaeological sites, and docu- ments,andquotationsfromprimarysources. roger s. bagnall is Professor Emeritus of Ancient History and foundingLeonLevyDirectorEmeritusattheInstitutefortheStudyof theAncientWorldatNewYorkUniversity.Hispublicationsinclude numerousbooksonthedocumentsandsocialandeconomichistory ofRomanandLateAntiqueEgypt. Roman Egypt A History Editedby roger s. bagnall NewYorkUniversity withcontributionsfromMonaHaggag,T.M.Hickey, MohamedG.Elmaghrabi,AriettaPapaconstantinou,and DorothyJ.Thompson UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 103PenangRoad,#05–06/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore238467 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108844901 DOI:10.1017/9781108953948 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2021 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2021 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJBooksLimited,PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Bagnall,RogerS,editor. Title:RomanEgypt:ahistoryeditedbyRogerSBagnall. Description:Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY:Cambridge UniversityPress, 2021.|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2021007638(print)|LCCN2021007639(ebook)|ISBN 9781108844901 (hardback)|ISBN9781108953948(ebook) Subjects:LCSH:Egypt–History–30B.C.-640A.D.|Romans–Egypt.|BISAC: HISTORY/ Ancient/General|HISTORY/Ancient/General Classification:LCCDT93.R662021(print)|LCCDT93(ebook)|DDC 932/.022–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021007638 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021007639 ISBN978-1-108-84490-1Hardback ISBN978-1-108-94900-2Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents Listofillustrations [pageviii] Listofmaps [xvii] Listofboxes [xviii] Listofcontributors [xxi] Preface [xxiii] Chronology [xxviii] 1 LayingthefoundationsforRomanEgypt (DorothyJ.Thompson) [1] 1.1 ThepharaonicbackgroundandtheThirdIntermediatePeriod (1069–664BC) [1] 1.2 Rebuildingacentralizedstate:Saiterule [3] 1.3 TwoPersianoccupationsandsixtyyearsofindependence [5] 1.4 GreeksinEgyptbeforeAlexander [9] 1.5 AlexanderandthePtolemies [11] 1.6 Resistancetoforeignrule [17] 1.7 Alexandriaandotherurbancenters [20] 1.8 Theworldofthetemples [25] 1.9 ThepopulationofEgypt [29] 1.10 Amultilingualenvironment [33] 1.11 GreekandEgyptianeducationinPtolemaicEgypt [35] 1.12 TheHellenizationoftheEgyptianadministration [37] 1.13 Amixedeconomy [39] 1.14 RomansinEgyptbeforetheRomanconquest [42] 2 ThecomingofRomanrule [46] 2.1 Government and administration: continuity and change from the Ptolemies to the Romans (Mohamed G. Elmaghrabi) [46] 2.2 TheRomanarmyinEgypt(MohamedG.Elmaghrabi) [60] 2.3 LanguagesinRomanEgypt(T.M.Hickey) [67] 2.4 ThecentralroleofAlexandria(MohamedG.Elmaghrabi) [71] 2.5 Egypt’sintegrationintotheRomaneconomy (T.M.Hickey) [87] 2.6 Thedevelopmentofurbanelites(RogerS.Bagnall) [92] v vi Contents 2.7 Thetreatmentofthetemplesanditsimplications (T.M.Hickey) [95] 2.8 TheJewishcommunitiesofEgypt,especiallyAlexandria (RogerS.Bagnall) [102] 2.9 ReligiouschangeunderRomanrule(DorothyJ. Thompson) [106] 2.10 ThepeopleofRomanEgypt(RogerS.Bagnall) [112] 2.11 TheoriginsofChristianityinEgypt(RogerS.Bagnall) [117] 3 DevelopmentandcrisisinaRomanprovince [121] 3.1 Thecontinuedriseofurbanismandtheelite(RogerS. Bagnall) [121] 3.2 Violencefrominside,above,andoutside(RogerS. Bagnall) [130] 3.3 Intensificationofhigh-valueagriculture(T.M.Hickey) [137] 3.4 TheAntonineplagueanditsdebatedconsequences(Mohamed G.Elmaghrabi) [142] 3.5 Twilightofthetemples(RogerS.Bagnall) [145] 3.6 TheemergenceoftheAlexandrianchurch,thencitybishops; thepersecutionsofChristians(RogerS.Bagnall) [152] 3.7 TheinventionoftheCopticwritingsystem(RogerS. Bagnall) [162] 4 ThemakingofLateAntiqueEgypt [169] 4.1 Diocletian’sreformsofadministration,coinage,andtaxation (MonaHaggag) [169] 4.2 AnEgyptiannationinaRomannation(RogerS. Bagnall) [178] 4.3 TurbulenceandrenewalinAlexandria(Mona Haggag) [180] 4.4 Elitestrugglesforwealthandpowerandtheriseofanew aristocracy(T.M.Hickey) [186] 4.5 Paganism,Christianity,andreligiouspluralism(Mona Haggag) [190] 4.6 TheemergenceofChristianinstitutionsinpublic;thechurch andimperialpolitics(RogerS.Bagnall) [200] 4.7 ThereappearanceofaJewishcommunityinEgypt (RogerS.Bagnall) [203] 4.8 Theinventionofcharitableinstitutions(RogerS. Bagnall) [206] 4.9 Monasticism(MonaHaggag) [210] 4.10 ThedevelopmentofaChristianliterarycultureinCoptic (RogerS.Bagnall) [217] 4.11 ThedevelopmentofaChristianeducationalculture (RogerS.Bagnall) [220] Contents vii 5 Divergenceanddivision [225] 5.1 PatriarchsandchurchpoliticsfromChalcedontoJustinian (AriettaPapaconstantinou) [225] 5.2 ConflictsoverdoctrineandpowerfromJustiniantoHeraclius (AriettaPapaconstantinou) [233] 5.3 Alexandriaasauniversitycity;theauditoriaofKomel-Dikka (MonaHaggag) [243] 5.4 EgyptianvillagesinLateAntiquity(RogerS.Bagnall) [250] 5.5 Thedominanceofthewealthyelite(T.M.Hickey) [258] 5.6 Cityandcountry:dependenceanddivergence(RogerS. Bagnall) [263] 5.7 Copticdevelopsaliteratureandbidsforofficialstatus(Arietta Papaconstantinou) [268] 6 ThePersians,theArabconquest,andanother transformationofEgypt(Arietta Papaconstantinou) [276] 6.1 TheSasaniansinEgypt(T.M.Hickey) [276] 6.2 Theconquestandlingeringuncertainties [280] 6.3 Administrativecontinuityandevolution [290] 6.4 Oldandnewelites [296] 6.5 Impactontheruralpopulation [303] 6.6 Theevolutionofthechurchandthedominanceofthe Miaphysites [314] 6.7 TheformationofaCopticidentity [319] 6.8 TheevolutionoflanguageuseandgradualextinctionofCoptic asspokenandbusiness/legallanguage [327] 6.9 Linguisticchangeandreligiousconversion [335] Epilogue [344] Glossary [347] Bibliography [350] Index [373] Illustrations Chapter1 1.1.1 TheUnionofUpperandLowerEgypt,onthegreattemple ofRamesesII(Dynasty19)atAbuSimbel.PhotobyPrisma/ UIG/GettyImages [page2] 1.2.1 BlockstatueofPedon,foundinPriene.Photofrom Ç.Şahin,“ZweiInschriftenausdemsüdwestlichen Kleinasien,”EpigraphicaAnatolica10:1–2(1987)plates1 and2;W.BlümelandR.Merkelbach,DieInschriftenvon Priene(Bonn2014):408,usedcourtesyofW.Blümelon behalfoftheeditorsofEpigraphicaAnatolica. [5] 1.3.1 StatueofUdjahorresnetfromSais.Vaticanmuseumscat. no.22690. [7] 1.4.1 DedicationofastatuettetoApisbyaGreek.BM 1898,0225.1.©TheTrusteesoftheBritishMuseum. [11] 1.5.1 OracletempleatSiwa.PhotobyRogerBagnall. [13] 1.5.2 OrdersofAlexander’sgeneralPeukestas.PhotobyE.G. Turner.AfterTurner,E.G.(1974)JEA60:pl.LV.Courtesy oftheEgyptExplorationSociety. [15] 1.6.1 Canopusdecree.EgyptianMuseum,Cairo,CG22186;JE 37548.Photo:P.M.Fraserarchive,CentrefortheStudyof AncientDocuments,Oxford. [19] 1.8.1 Edfutemple.PhotoA.K.Bowman. [26] 1.8.2 VaseofArsinoeII.BritishMuseumno.1873,0820.389. ©TheTrusteesoftheBritishMuseum. [27] 1.10.1 DedicationtoIsis-AstartewithPhoeniciandedication. Cairo,EgyptianMuseum,Catalogue(1962) no.4751. [35] 1.13.1 TetradrachmofPtolemyISoter.AmericanNumismatic Society1944.100.75899. [42] 1.14.1 CleopatraVIIinEgyptiandressontheDenderatemple. PhotoOlafTausch:commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Dendera_Tempel_Kleopatra_Cäsarion_05.jpg. [44] viii Listofillustrations ix Chapter2 2.1.1 Chartofpapyrusfindsdistribution.CourtesyMark Depauw,derivedfromthedataofTrismegistos. [48] 2.1.2 EdictofTiberiusJuliusAlexander.Photo“NeferTiyi”: www.flickr.com/photos/nefertiyi/8853838884/. [50] 2.1.3 Decisionaboutafoundlingchildbythestrategos.P.Oxy. 1.37.PhotocourtesyBritishLibrary. [55] 2.2.1 Letteraboutenlistmentinthefleet.Berlin,Staatliche MuseenP.7950.PhotoAegyptischesMuseumund Papyrussammlung,StaatlicheMuseen,Berlin/ArtResource, NewYork. [61] 2.2.2 AstelefromNikopolis.Greco-RomanMuseum, Alexandria,inv.252. [62] 2.2.3 ThefortofDiosintheEasternDesert.FromM.Reddé,“The FortletsoftheEasternDesertofEgypt,”inJ.-P.Brun,T. Faucher,B.Redon,etal.,TheEasternDesertofEgypt duringtheGreco-RomanPeriod:ArchaeologicalReports (books.openedition.org/cdf/5248),Figs.11,23,and29. CourtesyofMichelReddé. [64] 2.2.4 Ostraconwithaletteroftheprefectconcerningdeserters. P.Bagnall8.PhotocourtesyAdamBülow-Jacobsen. [66] 2.3.1 Demoticabstractofacontract.P.Tebt.1.227.Photo courtesytheCenterfortheTebtunisPapyri,TheBancroft Library,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley. [68] 2.4.1 PlanofAlexandria.FromBagnallandRathbone2017:Fig. 2.1.1. [73] 2.4.2 BronzedrachmacoinofAntoninusPius.American NumismaticSociety1944.100.60756. [74] 2.4.3 BronzecrabfromobeliskinAlexandria.Metropolitan MuseumofArt,accession81.2.2. [75] 2.4.4 MosaicfromtheVillaofBirds,Alexandria.AncientWorld ImageBank,InstitutefortheStudyoftheAncientWorld, NYU. [76] 2.4.5 RomantombfromAlexandria.PhotoRüdigerStehn: www.flickr.com/photos/rstehn/32883277522/. [77] 2.5.1 BronzedrachmacoinofHadrianwithIsisPhariaandthe Pharos.AmericanNumismaticSociety 1944.100.57679. [89] x Listofillustrations 2.5.2 The“Torloniarelief”showingRomanmerchantvessels. (Rome,MuseoTorlonia,inv.430).Photousedcourtesyof theFondazioneTorlonia,Rome. [90] 2.5.3 Berenike,planofsite.MapbyMartinHense. [91] 2.6.1 AgriculturaldevelopmentaroundawellintheDakhlaoasis. PhotobyRogerS.Bagnall. [95] 2.7.1 PlanoftheEdfutemple.FromBagnallandRathbone2017: 229. [96] 2.7.2 PetitiontotheprefectofEgypt:P.Tebt.2.302.Photo courtesytheCenterfortheTebtunisPapyri,TheBancroft Library,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley. [99] 2.7.3 ColoreddrawingonademoticaccountshowingTutuand Bes.P.Tebt.frag.13,385.PhotocourtesytheCenterforthe TebtunisPapyri,TheBancroftLibrary,Universityof California,Berkeley. [101] 2.8.1 LetterofClaudiustotheAlexandrians.P.Lond.6.1912v, BritishLibraryPapyrus2248.PhotocourtesyBritish Library. [104] 2.9.1 IsiswithHarpokratesinwallpaintingfromKaranis. FacsimilepaintingbyHamzehCarroverexisting photograph(2003.02.0002). PhotocourtesyoftheKelsey MuseumofArchaeology,UniversityofMichigan. [107] 2.9.2 AnubisfromKomel-Shoqafa.PhotoAndréPelle,© ArchaeologicalSocietyofAlexandriaandCentred’études Alexandrines. [108] 2.9.3 HeadofAugustusfromMeroe.BritishMuseumcat.no. 1911,0901.1.©TheTrusteesoftheBritishMuseum. [110] 2.10.1 MummyportraitofEutyches.MetropolitanMuseumofArt, 18.9.2. [114] 2.11.1 Christianmanuscript,GospelofJohn,assignedtothe secondcentury.P.Ryl.457.PhotocourtesyoftheJohn RylandsUniversityLibrary,Manchester. [119] Chapter3 3.1.1 Antinoopolis,gatewaytothetheater.Descriptiondel’Égypte IV55. [122] 3.1.2 Funeraryshroudofawoman,datedc.170–200.Metropolitan MuseumofArt,9.181.8. [123]

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