Role of Fats in Human Nutrition

599 Pages·1989·9.65 MB·English

by  Author Unknown

The Role of Fats
in
Human Nutrition
This page intentionally left blank
The Role of Fats
in
Human Nutrition
2nd Edition
edited by
A. J. Vergroesen
Department of Biochemistry
Erasmus University Rotterdam,
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
and
M. Crawford
The Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine,
London Zoo,
Regent's Park, London
ACADEMIC PRESS
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United States Edition published by
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Copyright © 1989, by
ACADEMIC PRESS LIMITED
All Rights Reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by photostat,
microfilm, or any other means, without written permission
from the publishers
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
The Role of Fats in Human Nutrition. — 2nd ed.
1. Man. Health. Effects of fat
I. Vergroesen, A. J. II. Crawford, M
613.2'8
ISBN 0-12-718051-6
Typeset by Lasertext, Stretford, Manchester
Printed in Great Britain by St Edmundsbury Press,
Bury St Edmunds,
Suffolk
List of Contributors
R. G. Ackman: Department of Food Science and Technology, Canadian
Institute of Fisheries Technology, Technical University of Nova Scotia,
P.O. Box 1000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3J 2X4
A. C. Beynen: Department of Human Nutrition, Agricultural University,
De Dreijen 12, 6703 Wageningen, The Netherlands
J. Bremen Institute of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine,
University of Oslo, Norway
R. R. Brenner: Director, Institute of Biochemistry, University de La Plata,
Calle 60 Y 20 La Plata, Argentina
P. Budowski: Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76-100, Israel
M. A. Crawford: The Nuffield Laboratory of Comparative Medicine,
London Zoo, London NW1, UK
E. N. Christiansen: Institute of Nutrition Research, University of Oslo,
0316 Blindem, Oslo 3, Norway
O. Christophersen: Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Oslo,
0316 Blindem, Oslo 3, Norway
W. Doyle: The Nuffield Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, London
Zoo, London, NW1, UK
P. J. Drury: The Nuffield Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, London
Zoo, London, NW1, UK
R. J. Heine: Internal Medicine, Academic Hospital, Free University,
Amstelveenseweg 601, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
G. Hornstra: Department of Biochemistry, Limburg University, P.O. Box
616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
A. J. Houtsmuller: Eye Hospital, Schiedamsevest 108, 3011 BH Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
M. B. Katan: Department of Human Nutrition, Agricultural University,
De Dreijen 12, 6703 Wageningen, The Netherlands
A. Lennon: The Nuffield Laboratory of Comparative Medicine, London
Zoo, London, NW1, UK
VI LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
V. V. S. Mani: Hindustan Lever Ltd Research Centre, Chakala, Andheri,
Bombay, 40099, India
K. K. G. Menon: Hindustan Lever Ltd Research Centre, Chakala,
Andheri, Bombay 40099, India
M. K. Mulky: Hindustan Lever Ltd Research Centre, Chakala, Andheri,
Bombay 40099, India
K. R. Norum: Institute for Nutritional Research, School of Medicine,
University of Oslo, Blindern 0316, Norway
W. M. N. Ratnayake: Department of National Health and Welfare,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OL2
D. Sklan: Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76-100, Israel
J. A. Schouten: Internal Medicine, Academic Hospital, Free University,
Amstelveenseweg 601, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
A. J. Vergroesen: Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University
Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Contents
Preface XVII
1 Introduction 1
A. J. VERGROESEN
I. Lipid-carbohydrate interactions . . .. 5
A. Influence of fat:carbohydrate ratio on energy intake 5
B. Effects of fat: carbohydrate ratios on lipoprotein
metabolism . . . . .. 7
II. Dietary lipids and malignant tumour development
A. Introduction . . . . .. 9
B. Epidemiological evidence . . . . 11
C. Animal experiments . . . . . 12
III. Essential fatty acids, biomembranes and eicosanoid
metabolism. . . .. 17
A. Introduction . . .. 17
B. EFA and skin function 22
C. EFA and myocardial function 25
D. EFA and blood pressure regulation . 27
E. EFA and brain development . 29
IV. Safety aspects of processed fats 30
V. Miscellaneous effects 35
References . . . .. 36
2 Factors Influencing Fatty Acid Chain Elongation and
Desaturation 45
RODOLFO R. BRENNER
viii CONTENTS
ι. Mechanisms that modify the fatty acid composition of a
tissue . . . .. 46
II. Fatty acid desaturation 50
A. Desaturase distribution 51
B. Intracellular localization of desaturases and
composition of the desaturation system 53
C. Δ6 D e s a t u r a s e . . .. 56
D. Δ5 D e s a t u r a s e . . .. 57
E. Δ9 D e s a t u r a s e . . .. 57
III. Nutritional and hormonal factors that modify fatty acid
desaturation 59
A. Δ6 Desaturase. 59
B. Δ5 Desaturase. 64
C. Δ9 Desaturase. 67
IV. Fatty acid chain elongation 68
A. Elongation reaction in brain 70
References 72
3 The Role of Fats and EFAs for Energy and Cell Structures in 81
the Growth of Fetus and Neonate
M. A. CRAWFORD, W. DOYLE, G. WILLIAMS and P. J.
DRURY
I. Introduction . . . .. 82
II. The specialist requirements of Homo sapiens 82
A. Storage and structural fats . 82
B. Specialist aspects of human development 83
C. Implications for endemic undernutrition 84
D. Heart disease and cancer 85
III. Essential fatty acids (EFAs) 86
A. Human evolutionary background 86
B. Discovery of EFAs and their prostaglandins 87
C. Essential fatty acids . . .. 87
D. Species differences and implications for animal
models . . . .. 91
E. Membrane composition and eicosanoid synthesis 91
F. Metabolic and stable pools for eicosanoids . 92
G. Fish oils . . . .. 94
CONTENTS ix
IV. Maternal and infant nutrition 95
A. Relationships between maternal and infant
nutrition . . . .. 95
B. Energy and EFA requirements in pregnancy 95
V. A critical role for the placenta 99
A. Placental weight and birth weight . 99
B. Circulating blood EFAs 99
C. Placental vascular integrity . 102
D. Placental infarction . . .. 103
E. Fetal growth retardation and coronary heart
disease . . . .. 104
F. Dietary fats . . . .. 105
G. Maternal malnutrition in India during pregnancy 106
VI. Human milk . . . .. 106
A. Milk from different countries 106
B. Hungary compared with Thailand 107
C. Short-chain fatty acids and oleic acid 107
D. Amounts of fatty acids delivered 109
E. Maternal undernutrition in lactation 110
VII. Conclusion . . . .. 111
References . . . . .. 112
4 Metabolic and Nutritional Aspects of Long-Chain Fatty 117
Acids of Marine Origin
K. R. NORUM, E. N. CHRISTIANSEN,
B. O. CHRISTOPHERSON and J. BREMER
I. Introduction . . .. 118
II. Metabolism of C22 monoene fatty acids. 119
A. In vivo studies 119
B. In vitro studies 123
III. Metabolic shortening of long-chain fatty acids 125
A. Metabolism of C22 monoene fatty acids in
adapted animals 125
B. Mechanism of adaptation . 127
IV. Metabolism of C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids 128
V. Metabolism of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids 129