Rocket propulsion elements

2010·28.5 MB·English

by  Sutton, George Paul

ROCKET PROPULSION ELEMENTS
The book’s cover shows a typical separation of a payload stage or satellite from
an upper stage of a space flight vehicle in the vacuum of space. There are two
rocketpropulsionsystems.Theliquidpropellantrocketengineontheupperstage
(on the lower left) has just lifted the satellite into space and has just been shut
down. The reaction control system on the payload stage has four small inclined
thrusters, which can be seen during their firing operation; they are moving the
payload away from the expended upper stage. A small thruster’s plume (flame)
has a bright, elliptically shaped, hot gas, very small core, which is visible. The
hot exhaust gases disperse from this core in all directions, and this part of the
plume is almost invisible.
Rocket Propulsion Elements
Eighth Edition
GEORGE P. SUTTON
Consultant
FormerlyLaboratoryAssociate
LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratoryandformerly
ExecutiveDirector,Engineering
RocketdyneDivisionofTheBoeingCompany
NowPratt&WhitneyRocketdyne
OSCAR BIBLARZ
ProfessorEmeritus
DepartmentofMechanicalandAstronauticalEngineering
NavalPostgraduateSchool
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Sutton,GeorgePaul.
Rocketpropulsionelements/GeorgeP.Sutton,OscarBiblarz. — 8thed.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-08024-5 (cloth)
1.Rocketengines.I.Biblarz,Oscar.II.Title.
TL782.S82010
629.47(cid:2)5—dc22
2009042591
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10987654321
CONTENTS
PREFACE xiii
1 Classification 1
1.1. Duct Jet Propulsion / 2
1.2. Rocket Propulsion / 4
1.3. Applications of Rocket Propulsion / 14
References / 26
2 DefinitionsandFundamentals 28
2.1. Definitions / 28
2.2. Thrust / 33
2.3. Exhaust Velocity / 36
2.4. Energy and Efficiencies / 38
2.5. Multiple Propulsion Systems / 40
2.6. Typical Performance Values / 41
Problems / 43
Symbols / 45
References / 46
3 NozzleTheoryandThermodynamicRelations 47
3.1. Ideal Rocket / 48
3.2. Summary of Thermodynamic Relations / 49
v
vi CONTENTS
3.3. Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles / 53
3.4. Nozzle Configurations / 75
3.5. Real Nozzles / 85
3.6. Nozzle Alignment / 96
Problems / 97
Symbols / 100
References / 101
4 FlightPerformance 103
4.1. Gravity-Free Drag-Free Space Flight / 103
4.2. Forces Acting on a Vehicle in the Atmosphere / 107
4.3. Basic Relations of Motion / 110
4.4. Space Flight / 116
4.5. Flight Maneuvers / 131
4.6. Effect of Propulsion System on Vehicle Performance / 137
4.7. Flight Vehicles / 139
4.8. Military Missiles / 148
4.9. Flight Stability / 152
Problems / 153
Symbols / 155
References / 157
5 ChemicalRocketPropellantPerformanceAnalysis 158
5.1. Background and Fundamentals / 159
5.2. Analysis of Chamber or Motor Case Conditions / 165
5.3. Analysis of Nozzle Expansion Processes / 170
5.4. Computer-Assisted Analysis / 175
5.5. Results of Thermochemical Calculations / 176
Problems / 190
Symbols / 191
References / 192
6 LiquidPropellantRocketEngineFundamentals 194
6.1. Types of Propellants / 198
6.2. Propellant Tanks / 201
6.3. Propellant Feed Systems / 208
6.4. Gas Pressure Feed Systems / 210
6.5. Tank Pressurization / 217
6.6. Turbopump Feed Systems and Engine Cycles / 221
CONTENTS vii
6.7. Rocket Engines for Maneuvering, Orbit Adjustments, or Attitude
Control / 229
6.8. Engine Families / 233
6.9. Valves and Pipelines / 236
6.10. Engine Support Structure / 239
Problems / 240
Symbols / 242
References / 243
7 LiquidPropellants 245
7.1. Propellant Properties / 246
7.2. Liquid Oxidizers / 256
7.3. Liquid Fuels / 259
7.4. Liquid Monopropellants / 263
7.5. Gelled Propellants / 265
7.6. Gaseous Propellants / 266
7.7. Safety and Environmental Concerns / 267
Problems / 268
Symbols / 269
References / 269
8 ThrustChambers 271
8.1. Injectors / 276
8.2. Combustion Chamber and Nozzle / 285
8.3. Low-Thrust Rocket Thrust Chambers or Thrusters / 301
8.4. Materials and Fabrication / 305
8.5. Heat Transfer Analysis / 311
8.6. Starting and Ignition / 323
8.7. Random Variable Thrust / 326
8.8. Sample Thrust Chamber Design Analysis / 328
Problems / 339
Symbols / 342
References / 344
9 LiquidPropellantCombustionandItsStability 346
9.1. Combustion Process / 346
9.2. Analysis and Simulation / 350
9.3. Combustion Instability / 352
Problems / 364
References / 364
viii CONTENTS
10 TurbopumpsandTheirGasSupplies 366
10.1. Introduction / 366
10.2. Descriptions of Several Turbopumps / 367
10.3. Selection of Turbopump Configuration / 372
10.4. Flow, Shaft Speeds, Power, and Pressure Balances / 376
10.5. Pumps / 378
10.6. Turbines / 387
10.7. Approach to Turbopump Preliminary Design / 391
10.8. Gas Generators and Preburners / 394
Problems / 395
Symbols / 396
References / 397
11 EngineSystems,Controls,andIntegration 399
11.1. Propellant Budget / 399
11.2. Performance of Complete or Multiple Rocket Propulsion
Systems / 401
11.3. Engine Design / 403
11.4. Engine Controls / 411
11.5. Engine System Calibration / 423
11.6. System Integration and Engine Optimization / 430
Problems / 432
Symbols / 432
References / 433
12 SolidPropellantRocketFundamentals 435
12.1. Basic Relations and Propellant Burning Rate / 437
12.2. Other Performance Issues / 458
12.3. Propellant Grain and Grain Configuration / 463
12.4. Propellant Grain Stress and Strain / 472
12.5. Attitude Control and Side Maneuvers with Solid Propellant Rocket
Motors / 483
Problems / 485
Symbols / 488
References / 489
13 SolidPropellants 492
13.1. Classification / 492
13.2. Propellant Characteristics / 498