Rocket Propulsion Elements

792 Pages·2017·7.15 MB·English

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ROCKET PROPULSION ELEMENTS
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Rocket Propulsion Elements
Ninth Edition
GEORGE P. SUTTON
Acknowledgedexpertonrocketpropulsion
FormerlyExecutiveDirectorofEngineeringatRocketdyne
(nowAerojetRocketdyne)
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FormerlyLaboratoryAssociateatLawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory
OSCAR BIBLARZ
ProfessorEmeritus
DepartmentofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering
NavalPostgraduateSchool
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisAvailable
ISBN9781118753651(Hardcover)
ISBN9781118753880(ePDF)
ISBN9781118753910(ePub)
Coverdesign:Wiley
Coverimage:SpaceX
Thisisaphotographoftherocketpropulsionsystemattheaftendoftherecoverableboosterstageofthe
Falcon9SpaceLaunchVehicle.ThispropulsionsystemhasnineMerlinliquidpropellantrocketengines,
butonlyeightofthesecanbeseeninthisview.Thetotaltake-offthrustatsealevelisapproximately1.3
millionpoundsofthrustforceandatorbitaltitude(inavacuum)itisabout1.5millionpoundsofthrust.
PropellantsareliquidoxygenandRP-1kerosene.Moreinformationaboutthismultiplerocketengine
propulsionsystemcanbefoundinChapter11Section2andmoreinformationaboutRP-1kerosenecan
befoundinChapter7.TheFalconspacevehicleandtheMerlinrocketenginesaredesigned,developed,
manufactured,andoperatedbySpaceExplorationTechnologiesCorporation,betterknownasSpaceX,of
Hawthorne,California.
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CONTENTS
PREFACE xvii
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1 Classification 1
1.1. DuctJetPropulsion / 2
1.2. RocketPropulsion / 4
ChemicalRocketPropulsion / 5
CombinationsofDuctedJetEnginesandRocketEngines / 9
NuclearRocketEngines / 10
ElectricRocketPropulsion / 10
OtherRocketPropulsionConcepts / 12
InternationalRocketPropulsionEffort / 13
1.3. ApplicationsofRocketPropulsion / 14
SpaceLaunchVehicles / 14
Spacecraft / 20
MilitaryandOtherApplications / 21
References / 24
2 DefinitionsandFundamentals 26
2.1. Definitions / 26
2.2. Thrust / 31
2.3. ExhaustVelocity / 33
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2.4. EnergyandEfficiencies / 35
2.5. MultiplePropulsionSystems / 38
2.6. TypicalPerformanceValues / 39
2.7. VariableThrust / 40
Symbols / 41
GreekLetters / 42
Problems / 42
References / 44
3 NozzleTheoryandThermodynamicRelations 45
3.1. IdealRocketPropulsionSystems / 45
3.2. SummaryofThermodynamicRelations / 47
3.3. IsentropicFlowthroughNozzles / 51
Velocity / 52
NozzleFlowandThroatCondition / 57
ThrustandThrustCoefficient / 61
CharacteristicVelocityandSpecificImpulse / 63
Under-andOverexpandedNozzles / 67
InfluenceofChamberGeometry / 72
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3.4. NozzleConfigurations / 73
Cone-andBell-ShapedNozzles / 75
3.5. RealNozzles / 81
BoundaryLayers / 82
MultiphaseFlow / 83
OtherPhenomenaandLosses / 85
PerformanceCorrectionFactors / 85
FourPerformanceParameters / 89
3.6. NozzleAlignment / 91
Symbols / 93
GreekLetters / 93
Subscripts / 94
Problems / 94
References / 97
4 FlightPerformance 99
4.1. Gravity-FreeDrag-FreeSpaceFlight / 99
4.2. ForcesActingonaVehicleintheAtmosphere / 104
4.3. BasicRelationsofMotion / 106
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4.4. SpaceFlight / 113
EllipticalOrbits / 116
DeepSpace / 120
Perturbations / 121
MissionVelocity / 125
4.5. SpaceFlightManeuvers / 127
ReactionControlSystem / 131
4.6. EffectofPropulsionSystemonVehiclePerformance / 133
4.7. FlightVehicles / 136
MultistageVehicles / 136
StageSeparation / 138
LaunchVehicles / 141
4.8. MilitaryMissiles / 144
4.9. FlightStability / 147
Symbols / 149
GreekLetters / 150
Subscripts / 150
Problems / 150
References / 152
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5 ChemicalRocketPropellantPerformanceAnalysis 154
5.1. BackgroundandFundamentals / 156
5.2. AnalysisofChamberorMotorCaseConditions / 161
5.3. AnalysisofNozzleExpansionProcesses / 166
5.4. Computer-AssistedAnalysis / 171
5.5. ResultsofThermochemicalCalculations / 172
Symbols / 185
GreekLetters / 186
Subscripts / 186
Problems / 186
References / 187
6 LiquidPropellantRocketEngineFundamentals 189
6.1. TypesofPropellants / 192
6.2. PropellantTanks / 196
6.3. PropellantFeedSystems / 203
LocalPressuresandFlows / 203
6.4. GasPressureFeedSystems / 205
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6.5. TankPressurization / 212
FactorsInfluencingtheRequiredMassofPressurizing
Gas / 214
SimplifiedAnalysisfortheMassofPressurizing
Gas / 215
6.6. TurbopumpFeedSystemsandEngineCycles / 217
EngineCycles / 218
6.7. RocketEnginesforManeuvering,OrbitAdjustments,
orAttitudeControl / 229
6.8. EngineFamilies / 232
6.9. ValvesandPipelines / 233
6.10. EngineSupportStructure / 239
Symbols / 239
Subscripts / 239
Problems / 240
References / 242
7 LiquidPropellants 244
(cid:2) 7.1. PropellantProperties / 245 (cid:2)
EconomicFactors / 245
PerformanceofPropellants / 246
CommonPhysicalHazards / 250
DesirablePhysicalProperties / 252
Ignition,Combustion,andFlameProperties / 254
PropertyVariationsandSpecifications / 254
Additives / 255
7.2. LiquidOxidizers / 255
LiquidOxygen(O )(LOX) / 255
2
HydrogenPeroxide(H O ) / 256
2 2
NitricAcid(HNO ) / 257
3
NitrogenTetroxide(N O )(NTO) / 258
2 4
NitrousOxide(N O) / 259
2
OxidizerCleaningProcess / 259
7.3. LiquidFuels / 259
HydrocarbonFuels / 260
LiquidHydrogen / 261
Hydrazine(N H ) / 262
2 4
UnsymmetricalDimethylhydrazine[(CH ) NNH ] / 263
3 2 2
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