Rock Slope Engineering: Civil Applications, Fifth Edition

620 Pages·2018·29.78 MB·English

by  Duncan C. Wyllie

Rock Slope Engineering
Civil Applications
Fifth Edition
Other Books by Duncan C. Wyllie
• Foundations on Rock
• Rock Fall Engineering
• Landslides—Investigation and Mitigation (co-author)
Rock Slope Engineering
Civil Applications
Fifth Edition
Duncan C. Wyllie
Wyllie & Norrish Rock Engineers
Vancouver, Canada
Based on the third edition by Evert Hoek and John Bray
About the Cover: The cover is an image of Todgha Gorge, in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco.
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Library of Congress Cataloging–in–Publication Data
Names: Wyllie, Duncan C., author.
Title: Rock slope engineering : civil applications / Duncan Wyllie.
Description: Fifth edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017011060| ISBN 9781498786270 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781498786287
(e-book)
Subjects: LCSH: Rock slopes.
Classification: LCC TA706 .W98 2017 | DDC 624.1/5132--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017011060
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This book is dedicated to
Dr. Evert Hoek and Dr. John Bray
For their pioneering work in the field of rock slope engineering

Contents
List of tables xix
List of figures xxi
Introduction to the fifth edition xli
Foreword to fifth edition xliii
Foreword to fourth edition xlv
Author xlvii
Nomenclature xlix
Note li
1 Principles of rock slope design 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Scope of book 3
1.1.2 Socioeconomic consequences of slope failure 4
1.2 Principles of rock slope engineering 4
1.2.1 Structural geology control of stability 5
1.2.2 Slope features and definitions 8
1.3 Standard terms for landslides 9
1.4 Rock slope design methods 9
1.4.1 Summary of design methods 9
1.4.2 Limit equilibrium analysis (deterministic) 14
1.4.3 Sensitivity analysis 18
1.4.4 Risk: Hazard and consequence of instability 18
1.4.5 Probabilistic design methods 20
1.4.6 Load and resistance factor design 25
2 Structural geology and data interpretation 27
2.1 Objectives of geological investigation 27
2.2 Mechanism of joint formation 29
2.3 Effects of discontinuities on slope stability 31
2.4 Orientation of discontinuities 31
2.5 Stereographic analysis of structural geology 34
2.5.1 Stereographic projection 34
2.5.2 Pole plots and contour plots 36
2.5.3 Pole density 38
vii
viii Contents
2.5.4 Great circles 40
2.5.5 Lines of intersection 42
2.6 Identification of modes of slope instability 42
2.6.1 Kinematic analysis 46
2.6.2 Planar failure 47
2.6.3 Wedge failure 48
2.6.4 Toppling failure 48
2.6.5 Friction cone 48
2.6.6 Applications of kinematic analysis 50
2.7 Geologic structure in weathered rock 53
3 Weathered rock and slope stability 59
3.1 Weathering processes and weathered rock occurrence 59
3.1.1 Influence of rock weathering on slope design 59
3.1.2 Residual soil/weathered rock in slope engineering 61
3.1.3 Classification of weathered rock 61
3.1.4 Occurrence of weathered rock 62
3.2 Weathering processes 63
3.2.1 Physical weathering 63
3.2.2 Chemical weathering 64
3.2.3 Biological weathering 64
3.2.4 Topography 64
3.2.5 Duration 65
3.3 Lithology: Rock and soil products of weathering 65
3.4 Weathering profiles related to geology 68
3.4.1 Intrusive igneous rock: Granite 68
3.4.2 Extrusive igneous rock: Basalt 69
3.4.3 Metamorphic rock 71
3.4.4 Shale 72
3.4.5 Interbedded sandstones and shales 75
3.4.6 Carbonate rocks 75
3.5 Slope design in weathered rock 79
3.5.1 Slope design concepts for weathered rock 79
3.5.2 Slope design in shallow weathered rock 80
4 Site investigation and geological data collection 83
4.1 Planning an investigation programme 83
4.1.1 Geology 84
4.1.2 Rock strength 85
4.1.3 Ground water 85
4.2 Site reconnaissance 86
4.2.1 Aerial and terrestrial photography 86
4.2.2 Slope design in deep weathered rock 88
4.2.3 Geophysics 89
4.2.4 Digital terrain models 90
Contents ix
4.3 Geologic mapping 91
4.3.1 Line and window mapping 91
4.3.2 Stereogrammetric mapping of discontinuities 92
4.3.3 Types of discontinuity 92
4.3.4 Definition of geological terms 93
4.4 Spacing, persistence and roughness measurements 99
4.4.1 Spacing of discontinuities 99
4.4.2 Persistence of discontinuity sets 101
4.4.3 Roughness of rock surfaces 102
4.5 Probabilistic analysis of structural geology 104
4.5.1 Discontinuity orientation 104
4.5.2 Discontinuity length and spacing 106
4.5.3 Probability distributions of length and spacing 106
4.6 Diamond drilling 107
4.6.1 Diamond drilling equipment 108
4.6.2 Diamond drilling operations 109
4.6.3 Core logging 110
4.6.4 Core orientation 112
4.7 Investigation of weathered rock 115
5 Rock strength properties and their measurement 117
5.1 Introduction 117
5.1.1 Scale effects and rock strength 117
5.1.2 Examples of rock masses 118
5.1.3 Classes of rock strength 121
5.2 Shear strength of discontinuities 123
5.2.1 Definition of cohesion and friction 123
5.2.2 Friction angle of rock surfaces 125
5.2.3 Shearing on an inclined plane 125
5.2.4 Surface roughness 126
5.2.5 Discontinuity infilling 130
5.2.6 Influence of water on shear strength of discontinuities 133
5.3 Laboratory testing of shear strength 133
5.4 Shear strength of rock masses by back analysis of slope failures 136
5.5 Hoek–Brown strength criterion for fractured rock masses 138
5.5.1 Generalised Hoek–Brown strength criterion 141
5.5.2 Modulus of deformation 146
5.5.3 Mohr–Coulomb criterion 146
5.5.4 Rock mass strength 148
5.5.5 Determination of σ′ 148
3max
5.5.6 Estimation of disturbance factor D 149
5.6 Shear strength of weathered rock masses 150
5.7 Rock durability and compressive strength 154
5.7.1 Slake durability 156
5.7.2 Compressive strength 157