Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering: Volume 1: Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics

394 Pages·2019·54.829 MB·English

by  Ömer Aydan

Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering

Rock Mechanics and Rock
Engineering
Volume 2: Applications of Rock Mechanics –
Rock Engineering
Ömer Aydan
Department of Civil Engineering, University of the Ryukyus,
Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
Cover photograph description: Eurasia subsea rock tunnel beneath the Bosporus in Istanbul
CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK
Typeset by Apex CoVantage, LLC
All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may
be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior
permission from the publisher.
Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the
information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any
damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/
or the information contained herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Applied for
Published by: CRC Press/Balkema
Schipholweg 107C, 2316 XC Leiden, The Netherlands
e-mail: [email protected]
www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com
Volume 1
ISBN: 978-0-367-42162-5 (Hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-82229-3 (eBook)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780367822293
Volume 2
ISBN: 978-0-367-42165-6 (Hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-82230-9 (eBook)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780367822309
Two-volume set
ISBN: 978-0-367-02935-7 (Hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-00123-9 (eBook)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429001239
Contents
Preface ix
1 Introduction 1
2 Applications to surface rock engineering structures 3
2.1 Cliffs with toe erosion 3
2.2 The dynamic response and stability of slopes against wedge sliding 8
2.3 Complex shearing, sliding and buckling failure of an open-pit mine 10
2.4 Dynamic response of reinforced rock slopes against planar sliding 19
2.5 Bridge foundations 23
2.6 Masonry structures 35
2.7 Reinforcement of dam foundations 37
2.8 Cylindrical sockets (piles) 42
3 Applications to underground structures 47
3.1 Stress concentrations around underground openings 47
3.2 Dynamic excavation of circular underground openings 50
3.3 Evaluation of tunnel face effect 53
3.4 Abandoned room and pillar lignite mines 54
3.5 Karstic caves 61
3.6 Stability analyses of tomb of Pharaoh Amenophis III 63
3.7 Retrofitting of unlined tunnels 64
3.8 Temperature and stress distributions around an underground opening 66
3.9 Waterhead distributions around a shallow underground opening 66
 4  Rock mass classifications and their engineering utilization  71
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 Rock Mass Rating (RMR) 71
4.3 Q-system (rock Tunneling Quality Index) 76
4.4 Rock Mass Quality Rating (RMQR) 81
4.5 Geological Strength Index classification 89
4.6 Denken’s classification and modified Denken’s classification 89
4.7 Estimations of engineering properties 90
vi Contents
 5  Model testing and photo-elasticity in rock mechanics  103
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 Model testing and similitude law 103
5.3 Principles and devices of photo-elasticity 106
5.4 1G models 108
5.5 Base-friction model test 110
5.6 Centrifuge tests 111
5.7 Dynamic shaking table tests 112
 6  Rock excavation techniques  155
6.1 Blasting 155
6.2 Machine excavations 198
6.3 Impact excavation 199
6.4 Chemical demolition 200
 7  Vibrations and vibration measurement techniques  203
7.1 Vibration sources 203
7.2 Vibration measurement devices 203
7.3 Theory of wave velocity measurement in layered medium 204
7.4 Vibrations by shock waves for nondestructive testing of rock bolts
and rock anchors 222
8 Degradation of rocks and its effect on rock structures 229
8.1 Degradation of major common rock-forming minerals
by chemical processes 230
8.2 Degradation by physical/mechanical processes 230
8.3 Hydrothermal alteration 241
8.4 Degradation due to surface or underground water flow 241
8.5 Biodegradation 243
8.6 Degradation rate measurements 246
8.7 Needle penetration tests for measuring degradation degree 249
8.8 Utilization of infrared imaging technique for degradation evaluation 250
8.9 Degradation assessment of rocks by color measurement technique 251
8.10 Effect of degradation process on the stability of rock structures 253
9 Monitoring of rock engineering structures 271
9.1 Deformation measurements 271
9.2 Acoustic emission techniques 277
9.3 Multiparameter monitoring 278
9.4 Applications of monitoring system 280
9.5 Principles and applications of drone technology 291
9.6 Applications to maintenance monitoring 298
9.7 Monitoring faulting-induced deformations 298
Contents vii
10  Earthquake science and earthquake engineering  301
10.1 Introduction 301
10.2 Earthquake occurrence mechanics 301
10.3 Causes of earthquakes 308
10.4 Earthquake-induced waves 312
10.5 Inference of faulting mechanism of earthquakes 317
10.6 Characteristics of earthquake faults 319
10.7 Characterization of earthquakes from fault ruptures 321
10.8 Strong motions and permanent deformation 325
10.9 Effects of surface ruptures induced by earthquakes on rock
engineering structures 346
10.10 Response of Horonobe underground research laboratory during the
20 June 2018 Soya region earthquake and 6 September 2018 Iburi
earthquake 352
10.11 Global positioning method for earthquake prediction 359
10.12 Application to Multi-parameter Monitoring System (MPMS) to
earthquakes in Denizli basin 367
Index 381

Preface
Rock is the main constituent of the crust of the Earth, and its behavior is the most complex
one among all materials in geosphere to be dealt by humankind. Furthermore, it contains vari-
ous discontinuities, which make the thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of rocks more com-
plex. These simply require higher level of knowledge and intelligence in the Rock Mechanics
and Rock Engineering (RMRE) community. Furthermore, the applications of the principles
or rock mechanics to mining, civil and petroleum engineering fields, as well as earthquake
science and engineering, are diverse, and it constitutes rock engineering. Recently, the Inter-
national Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) added “Rock Engineering” in 2017 to its name
while its acronym remains ISRM.
Rock mechanics is concerned with the theoretical and applied science of the mechanical
behavior of rock and rock masses, and it is one of branches of mechanics concerned with the
response of rock and rock masses to their physical-chemical environment. Rock engineer-
ing is concerned with the application of the principles of mechanics to physical, chemical
and electromagnetic processes in the uppermost part of the Earth and the design of the rock
structures associated with mining, civil and petroleum engineering. This book is intended to
be a fundamental book for younger generations and newcomers, as well as a reference book
for experts specialized in rock mechanics and rock engineering.
The book is divided into two volumes, due to the wide spectra of rock mechanics and rock
engineering, titled Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering: Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics
and Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering: Applications of Rock Mechanics – Rock Engi-
neering. In the first volume, the fundamental concepts, theories, analytical and numerical tech-
niques and procedures of rock mechanics and rock engineering, together with some emphasis
on new topics, are described as concisely as possible while keeping the mathematics simple.
The second volume is concerned with the applications of rock mechanics and rock engi-
neering in practice. It ranges from classical rock classifications, the response and stability of
surface and underground structures, to model testing, monitoring, excavation techniques and
rock dynamics. Particularly, earthquake science and engineering, vibrations and nondestruc-
tive techniques are presented as a part of rock dynamics.
Although Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering consists of two volumes, each volume
is complete in its content, and it should serve the purposes of educators, students, experts
as well as practicing engineers. It is strongly hoped that these two volumes would fulfill the
expectations and would serve further advances in rock mechanics and rock engineering.