Rock Chips : A Newsletter Published by the Alberta Geological Survey for the Geoscience Community of Alberta

2006·1.7 MB·English

by  Alberta Geological Survey

Dr. Kevin Parks Named as New Manager of AGS
FollowingtheretirementofRickRichardson, includingthe mountains, foothills, plains andboreal
Dr. KevinParks, P. Geol., hastakenonthe forestregions inside theprovincial boundary. Long-term
roles ofManageroftheAlbertaGeological goals ofAGS mappingprograms will include anupdated
SurveyandProvincial Geologist. Dr. Parks andunifiedTableofFormations ofAlbertathat includes
hasbeenwiththe AlbertaGeological new formations inthe Precambrianrocks ofnortheast
Surveyformorethansixyears as senior AlbertaandtheunconsolidatedTertiaryandglacial
hydrogeologistandhas spenthisprofessional deposits acrossthe Province; anew lexiconofAlberta
careerinenergyandenvironmentalgeology structural features; completionofsurficial geology
inAlberta’sprivate andthepublic sector. map-coverage innorthernAlberta; andanupdated
bedrockgeologymap oftheprovince. Partnershipswith
TheAlbertaGeological Survey(AGS), as the Geological SurveyofCanadawill continuetobe
partoftheAlbertaEnergyandUtilities ofcentralimportanceto AGS’ success inthe Mapping
Board(EUB),providesgeoscience Sectionmission.
informationandexpertiseneededby
government, industryandthepublic for ResourceAssessmentSection
earth-resources stewardship andsustainable This sectionhousestheoriginalAGS missionand
developmentinAlberta.Newknowledge functionassignedto Dr. JohnAllanbytheAlberta
isalwaysbeinggeneratedbyAGS andits Legislature in 1920; namely,toreportonthemineral
partnersthroughourongoinggeoscience
resources ofAlbertatothegovernmentandpeople of
programs andactivities. Fromtimetotime, theprovince. Themissionofthis sectionremainstotell
wefinditnecessarytorealignourinternal Albertans andtheworldaboutthegeologyofAlberta’s
structuretokeeppacewithknowledgeand mineral andenergyresources. Programs include our
technology, aswellastheevolvingpriorities ongoingappraisalofthenatureandageofAlberta’s
oftheEUB andtheGovernmentofAlberta.
diamond-bearingrocks, examiningourrare-earth
andbase-metaldepositpotential; characterizingour
OnApril P*, 2006, theAGS organizational industrial mineral wealth, includingironandbuilding
structuretookonemore step onits stone; supportingthe studyofunconventional fossil
evolutionarypathtoensureAGS stays fuels, includingCBM, tightorbasin-centric gas indeep
currentandresponsivetothegeoscience formations, shale gas andbiogenic gas deposits; and
knowledgeneeds ofstakeholders andclients understandingAlberta’suraniumpotential. This section
inafast-changingworld. The sixinternal isresponsible forAGS initiatives supportedbythe
sectionnames andmissionshavebeenreset GovernmentofAlbertaMineralDevelopment Strategy
toreflectongoing, basic Surveyfunctions in andtheAlbertaEnergyInnovation Strategy.
contrasttotopicalprogramareas. Thenames
andmissions ofeachnewsectionareas Environmental Geology Section
follows.
The Environmental Geology Sectionhouses our
MappingSection groundwaterandgeohazardsprograms. Itsmissionisto
provide geoscienceknowledgetoEUB andGovernment
Themissionofthis sectionistomap and ofAlbertaagencies foreffectivewater-resourceand
understandthe geologyofAlberta. This
land-usepolicyandregulation,particularlyinareas
includes allrockandsedimentfromthe ofintensive energydevelopment. Italsoprovides
crystallinebasementtothe landsurface.
geoscience expertise in supportoftheprotectionof
IS
[[1^fcZ AlbertaEnergyandUtilitiesBoard
zgs
public safety fromgeological hazards inAlberta. The
Environmental Geology sectionwill maintainthe RockChipsispublishedfourtimesayearbythe
Turtle MountainMonitoring Systemanddevelop the Alberta Geological Surveyinthe
Turtle Mountain GeologicalField Laboratory. The Field spring, summer,fallandwinter.
Laboratorywillprovide dataon landslides and safe Individual articles, statisticsand other
accesstothe mountainforCanadianand international information inthis publication maybe
researchers. This sectionis also chargedwithcompleting reproduced orquoted withoutpermission as
themapofAlberta’s Base ofGroundwaterProtection long asthe EUB/AGS iscredited.
in supportofenergy-industryregulationbyEUB’s Pastand presentissuesofRockChipsmaybe
EnvironmentGroup andbyAlbertaEnvironment. Itwill viewedontheAGSwebsite located at
alsoprovide geoscience expertisetogovernmentgroups www.ags.gov.ab.ca.
regardingAlberta’s WaterforLife Strategy.
To receivethe paperversionofRockChips, ask
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ContactourEdmonton office by
This sectionwillworkinbroadresearchcoalitions
•e-mail: [email protected]
togenerate innovative, made-in-Albertasolutionsto
the increasingchallenges inmaintainingthebalance •Fax: [phone]
betweenenergydevelopmentandtheenvironment. This •Tel: [phone]
section isdeliveringworld-class geoscience insupport
oflong-termcarbon-dioxideandacid-gas sequestration Ifyou arecurrentlyreceivingthe paperedition
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pre-eminencethroughoil-sands developmentandfuture
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fax, ore-mail atthefollowing address:
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The OPGhousestheManagerofthe AlbertaGeological current EUB accountnumber. GSTis included
Surveyandthe Provincial Geologist(adualrole) and inourprices.
ourseniorscience advisors. These individualsprovide
leadership and strategyandensure ourprograms are Abstractsofmostofourreports maybefound
delivering onthe overall AGS mission, as well as on ourwebsite atwww.ags.gov.ab.ca.
supportingEUB andGovernmentofAlbertabusiness
priorities. The OPG is alsotaskedwithanticipating Clients inthe Calgaryarea mayviewAGS
the future geoscienceneedsofAlbertans forprogram publicationsattheAlberta Energyand Utilities
development. Throughthe efforts ofthe Corporate Board Library, 640-5thAvenue SW.
Services Team, the Office provides andco-ordinates Tel: [phone]
internal corporate services inthe areas ofsafety,
finance, facilities, communications andmarketing.
2 • RockChipsSpring2006
Geological Puzzle
AboutAGS
Find the hidden words within the grid of letters.
L R Q 0 G X S J E G P W D Z R S H D 0 P B 0 M L
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R J E H S U E S T A J A M V K D F 0 S X W B H
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L T P D N U C Y R G S L J Y J R S X A D G T E X
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U E M A L S M Q C 0 A L Z N R H N Y M D A U M S
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E K E D R Q R H S T R 0 P E R J N S B E H
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P Y G 0 L 0 E G 0 R D Y H A C X 0 S X J X Q V V A
B M M M 0 S L G P Z U Z K Z U E L A P A 0 D V S Q
0 U K W P K 0 C Z Q X P L S K A Q B Z S U M H
1 1
0 M N A M Z M N C R C W B U A J V U G L R J P J J
H X M E S R X A G R S B H K M E X X D U F L E
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1
A W E E T D E H U N F N B F D G N F F X Z P Z F M
D 0 C F Z E E N Z R G U S C L Z E V C A K N H T P
acidgas databases exploration groundwater resources
agsgovabca development franksiide hydrogeology sequestration
bedrock diamonds gasandoilsands kimberlites surficial
coal energy geochemical maps turtlemountain
conservation eub geohazards minerals uranium
cotwo expertise geoscience reports
RockChipsSpring2006 • 3
Synoptic Geology and Resouces - Clear Hills Ooidal
Ironstones (Part 2)
Part 1, a synoptic historyofdiscoveryofthe ClearHills DonaldsonandFlint(1999) suggestedthe BadHeart
ooidal ironstones waspublished inthe Winter2005 FormationunconformablyoverliestheMuskiki
editionofRockChips. Part2 provides anoverviewof Formation inthe SmokyRiverarea,buttothenorth
thegeologyand summarizes the ironresources within inthe ClearHills, theMuskikiandCardiumforma-
the BadHeartFormation. tionshave beenerodedandthe BadHeartFormation
unconformablyoverlies KaskapauFormation. Inthe
The BadHeartFormation iswithinLate Cretaceous subsurface, tothewestandsouthwest, the BadHeart
SmokyGroup, whichwas depositedabout92millionto Formation is time-stratigraphicallycorrelativewiththe
82 millionyears ago. The Smoky Group inthe Smoky MarshybankFormation, whichconsistsmainlyofdeeper
Riverregioncomprisesfive formations, whichfrom marine siltstone andmudstoneandapparentlycontains
stratigraphic toptobaseare noooidal ironstones.
(a) Puskwaskau Formation, asequence ofdarkgrey McLearn(1919) firstdescribedthe BadHeartFormation
mudstoneto siltymudstone depositedina ‘deep’ marine atandnearthejunctionofthe BadHeartRiverwiththe
environment (i.e., mainlybelowwavebase) andranging SmokyRiver. He statedthatthe
m m
from90 to 180 thickinthe ClearHills. Inthe
SmokyRiverto ClearHillsregion, the Puskwaskau "BadHeartsandstone...consistsof5to25feet [1.5 to 7.6
Formationisunconformablyunderlainby m] ofcoarsesandstone, weatheringreddish brown. It
(b) Bad HeartFormation, asequence of‘shallow’ standsoutprominentlyin allthecliffs [alongthe Smoky
marine (i.e., mainlydepositedatorabovewavebase), River]/romPuskwaskauRiverto within afewmilesof
theLittleSmokyandformsa horizontal,frieze-likeband
frequentlybioturbatedsandstone, siltstone and, in
places, ooidal ironstonebanks. The ooidal ironstone in thecliffwallsofshale. Thismemberisabundantly
banksrange locallyupto about8+mthickbykilometres fossiliferous..."{¥'\gmQ?> 1 and2).
ormore in lateral andstrike extent. At SmokyRiver,
Donaldson(1997) suggestedthe BadHeartFormation is Regional stratigraphic correlationsbyChenandOlson
unconformablyunderlainby (workinprogress) forthe ClearHillsto SmokyRiver
region showthatthe BadHeartFormationis eroded
(c) MuskikiFormation, asequence ofdarkgrey andthusnotpresentacrossthewidePeace Rivervalley
mudstoneto siltymudstone depositedinam‘deep’ marine (Figure 3).
environmentthat locallyisupto about40 thick. At
SmokyRiverthisunitisbelievedtobeunderlainby GreenandMellon (1962) werethefirsttogeologically
(d) Cardium Formation, aninterbeddedsequence map at 1:500 000 scaletheknownandinferredbedrock
ofmudstone, sandstone and, inplaces, chertpebble inbothnorthernAlbertaandthe ClearHillsregion,
conglomeratedepositedmainlyinashallowmarine andtheydescribedingreaterdetailthegeologyofthe
environmentthat isup toabout40 mthick. Lastly, the BadHeartFormationandthe immediatelyencompass-
(e) Kaskakapau Formation, a sequence ofmainly ingunits. BertramandMellon(1975) suggestedthat
m theBadHeartFormationinthe ClearHillsregionwas
deepermarine mudstone and sandstoneupto 120
thickestatornearRamblingRiver, andthinnedandhad
thick. WithinKaskapauFormationthere is athin(less
m alessercomponentofooidal ironstonetothewestand
than2 thick) ooidal ironstone nearitsbase anda north. Donaldson (1997) geologicallymappedaseries of
"'granularsideritemarker' intheupperpartofthe
stratigraphic sections across BadHeartFormationalong
formation (Varban andFlint, 2005). These lithologies
the Smoky River, tracedtheunitwestwardintothe
indicate that ooidal ironstone andan ‘ironstonematrix’
subsurface basedonwell log information, andmappeda
are notuniquelypresent inthe BadHeartFormation.
few stratigraphic sections oftheunitatRamblingRiver.
Donaldson (1997) recognizednine lithological facies
Inthe ClearHills region, the PuskwaskauFormation is withinthe Bad HeartFormationalongthe SmokyRiver
overlainby late Late Cretaceous Wapiti Formationthat
that, ingeneral, comprise fromstratigraphic toptobase
consistspredominantly ofcontinental elasticswith local
coal lenses.
4 • RockChipsSpring2006
Pj^waskau
Fm
^PadHeartFm*
Muskiki
Tempestiteconglomerate
T^pestit6conglomerate
.# -.X ' Tempestiteconglomerate
SmokyRiver
Figure1. Bad HeartFormation‘typesection’alongtheSmokyRivernearBad HeartRiver(lookingwest).Tempestitecongomeratesformduring
cyclonicstorms. Close-upimageshowsAGSgeologists(inred)collectingpalynologysamplingfromthePuskwaskautoupperMuskikiunitsatthe
BadHearttypesection.Theclose-upimageisoftheextremerightportionofthephotographontheleft.
Figure2.AGSgeologistsexaminingandrocksamplingtheBad HeartFormationsectionatsiteASR9AalongthecentralSmokyRiverinSeptember
2004. HeretheBad HeartFormation isthickerthanatthetypesectionandcontainsathickooidalironstoneinthelowerAllomember1.
RockChipsSpring2006 • 5
—
Unit ID Short description onlyFacies C and D arepresent, withpossiblysome
‘F Phosphatic ooidal siltysandstone EandF atthe RamblingRiver(SwiftCreek) section.
‘H’ Skolithos-burrowed silty sandstone However, recentmechanical trenching andgeologi-
(Skolithos is atrace fossil) calmappingofsectionsbythe AGS inthe southern
‘G’ Ooidal muddy sandstone partofthe ClearHills indicatesthe sequenceatthe
‘F’ Thinlybedded sandstone SmokyRiverandtheWorsleyPitareaare similar(e.g.,
‘E’ Bioturbated silty sand comparethetwo sections inFigure4). The Smoky
‘D’ Ooidal ironstone Riversectioncomprises alower ‘allomember’ of
‘C’ Thalassinoides-burrowedsilty sandstone andanoverlying intenselyooidalironstone,
sandstone (Thalassinoides is atrace cappedbyaconglomeraticzone, whichisoverlainin
fossil) turnbyanupper ‘allomember’ consistingofsandstone
‘B’ Laminatedmudstone andathinnerooidal ironstoneatornearthetop ofthe
‘A’ Chertandphosphatepebble section. Asimilarsituationexists attheWorsleyPit
conglomerate section. However, althoughtheuppersandstoneunits
aremarkedlythinneratthe WorsleyPit, thereis a
Donaldsonetal. (1999) suggestedtheBadHeart clearseparationbyaconglomeratic layerofthe lower
Formation inthe SmokyRiverregioncomprises intenselyooidal ironstone fromtheoverlyingBadHeart
twoallomembersboundedbythree discontinuities. Formationclastic andooidal ironstonehorizons.
Allomember 1 includes FaciesAto D andAllomember
2 includesFacies C to H, withthe boundingerosional Collom(2001) also studiedtheBadHeartFormation
surfacs occurring atthebase (BES) andtop (ESI) of alongthe SmokyRiveraspartofhiscomprehensive
Allomember 1 andatthetop (ES2) ofAllomember Ph.D. studyofthe Wapiabi Formationfrom
2, where itis overlainbyFacies I, whichiseither southwesterntonorthwesternAlberta. Collom,based
uppermost BadHeartFormationorlowermost largelyoncomparativemacropaleontology, suggested
PuskwaskauFormation. Withrespecttothe ClearHills, Allomember 1 ofthe BadHeartFormationatthe central
Donaldson(1997) suggestdthe sedimentologicalrecord SmokyRiverismorecloselycorrelative, atleastfrom
ofthe BadHeartFormationis incomplete comparedto apaleontologicalageperspective, withuppermost
thatalongthe SmokyRiver. That is, inthe ClearHills, KaskapauorMuskiki formations. Whetherornotsuchis
true, fromapurely lithological andsequence
C
(Northwest)
O knt 20 410 610 S1O lO1O -1n20 1-\40
ClearHills
, Tie 1Bad Heart Top or
2UO Boundary
1 ClearRiver Peace River
Lo
Creta
400
-I
Figure3. Regionalcross-sectionC-C’fromthesouthwesternClearHillstosoutheastoftheSmokyRiver: Kpw—CretaceousPuskwaskauFormation; Kb-
6 • RockChipsSpring2006
hZ^
C’
— (Southeast)
“n
200 2210
Blae IVIouatain 200
i 1
SmokyRiver Bad HeartTop or lOOO
to/V-y'V 800
600
-400
200
O
-200
--400
-600
-800
-1OOO
-1200
-1400
-I600
-1800
-2000
P*Tecamt>rian
-2200
aceousKaskapauFormation.
RockChipsSpring2006 • 7
stratigraphic viewpoint, it seems SmokyRiverSectionASR9A(2004)
logical to considerthe BadHeart (alornearSR15ofDonaldsonetal.,1999)
Formation (i.e., allomembers 1
and2) as acohesive sequence / Topnotexposed J
stratigraphic package. : y:•.‘5 V'-jj i3n
WorsleyPit
Regardingthe knownand ConsolidatedStratigraphic
P Collu
inferredresources ofooidal
ironstone withinthe Bad
HeartFormation inthe Clear (In>t7e0ns%elcyolodosi)dalironstone
Hills region, previousworkby ModeratelyooidalIronslnte
(30-70%ooids)
industryduringthe 1950s and Weaklyooidalironslone
1960s, andbythe AGS duringthe (10-30%oo^}
Ooidalsandstone
1960s andearly 1970s, indicated (<10%ookfe)
there isat leastone billiontonnes
ofresourcewithanaverage grade Sjitstone
(BadheartFormation)
ofabout32%to 35% iron(note Siltstone(Puskwasltauor
thatthis resourceestimatewould *'"--^^*4 KShaaslkeap(PauuskF'orrramsakfaioun)Of
notnowbe compliantwiththe r~ KaskapauFormation)
Clastsupported
guidelines forresource/reserve
estimatesprovidedby Securities , cMoantgrlwosmueprpaotretteodpebbly
CommissionNational Instrument sandstone
Concretioolayer
43-101). The ooidal ironstone
Unconformity
resources are infourmainareas
Infenedurxonfonrkty
alongthe southernandeastern ————
Lithologicalcontact
margins ofthe ClearHills and
Ironenrichmentfrom
arenamedWorsley, South overlyingstrata
WhitemudRiver, Whitemud '' Planarlamination
Riverand SwiftCreek(Rambling Thalassinoides
River) ‘resourceblocks’ l|l| Skolilhos
(Hamilton, 1998). Detailed y Opheomorpha
informationaboutthe geometry, Sheas
grade distributionandpotential Ammonoids
co-productordeleterious 'iVood
elementswithineachofthese
Low
four ‘resource’ areas is currently Modefale
lacking. As aresult, theAGS
Intense
initiatedathree-yearfieldand
office studyofthe ClearHills Figure4. Comparativegeology,WorsleyPitinthesouthernClearHillsantJcentralSmokyRiver.
region in2004to addressthese
andsome otherunknownsaboutthe ironresources in
the ClearHills to SmokyRiverregion. Results fromthis
recentAGS studywillbe summarizedinasubsequent
article onthe ClearHills ooidal ironstones. *1*
8 • RockChipsSpring2006
Shale Gas Resource Evaluation
AGS has initiatedaprojectto evaluate shale gas I I i5g^ isaasi
resources inAlberta. ‘Gas shale’ is ageneric termthat
includes gas fromorganic-rich lithologies, suchas dark-
colouredshale, interbedded shale/silt/sand, shalewith
dispersedsiltincluding ‘radiolarian’ siltandshaley
siltstone. Theprojectwillfirstevaluatethe Colorado
Group andprogresstodeeperstrata.
CretaceousSecondWhite
SpecksPetroleumSystem
HI Immature
H
HMature
Overmature
ASpppercokxleidmaSteho^utcropofSecorxJWhite
seals1;10,000.000
0 100 200 300 Km
LogsfromsoutheasternAlbertathatidentifyshalegasproductionin
theSecondWhiteSpecks.
Newdatabases,mapsandreports willbe made available
MapdisplayingtheCretaceousColoradoGroupSecondWhite ontheAGS website andwillbe continuallyupdated. To
Specks(modifiedfromtheGeologicalAtlasoftheWCSB, 1994).
alesserextent, thecompilationwill include evaluating
the correlationofshalegeochemistryto logparameters
The initialworkwillconsistofacompilationofdata, intheWesternCanada SedimentaryBasin(WCSB),
maps andcross-sections alongwithpertinentreferences
hydrogeologicalinfluences andtypesofcompletion
leadingtoaseriesofdetailedworkingmodels ofAlberta
stimulation(i.e., types offracs)thathaveaided
shalegasplayswithacomparisonto U.S. shale gas economic success intheUSA.
plays. The datacompilationwill includealistofwells
thathavetested/perforatedshales, detailedgeochemistry
(e.g., adsorptiondata, totalorganiccontent,maturity,
etc.), sedimentology, structure (faults, fracture fairways),
stratigraphy, mineralogy, thinsectiondescriptions,
completionandproductiondata, gas-kickdatafromthe
EUB, andaresourceestimation(originalgas inplace).
StoryContact Information
The followingAGS staffmaybecontactedforfurtherinformationontheirarticles orcitations.
Dr. Kevin ParksNamedasNewManagerofAGS KevinParks [phone]
Gas Shale ResourceEvaluation DeanRokosh [phone]
or
Andrew Beaton [phone]
ClearEtills Ooidal Ironstones Reg Olson [phone]
Staffmayalsobe contactedviae-mailbyenteringthe author’sfirstname.lastname(@gov.ab.ca
Comments and suggestions forRockChipsmaybe sentto Maryanne [email protected]
RockChipsSpring2006 • 9
Geological Puzzle Solution
About AGS
Find the hidden words within the grid of letters.
L R Q 0 G X P B 0 M L
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R J E H X B H
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L D G T E X
S C P D X M
M S C D L J
I I
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D A U M S
E S G Z T
D X S P D
W
A Z H J
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-e-k X K Z
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W
S B E H
X Q V V A
0 D V S Q
S U M H
I
R J P J J
H X U F L E
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M V U D Y Y U Y V
A W Z P Z F M
D 0 K N H T P
acidgas databases exploration groundwater resources
agsgovabca development frankslide hydrogeology sequestration
bedrock diamonds gasandoilsands kimberlites surficial
coal energy geochemical maps turtlemountain
conservation eub geohazards minerals uranium
cotwo expertise geoscience reports
10 • RockChipsSpring2006