Robotics, AI, And Humanity: Science, Ethics, And Policy PDF
Preview Robotics, AI, And Humanity: Science, Ethics, And Policy
Joachim von Braun · Margaret S. Archer Gregory M. Reichberg · Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo Editors Robotics, AI, and Humanity Science, Ethics, and Policy Robotics, AI, and Humanity Joachim von Braun • Margaret S. Archer Gregory M. Reichberg • Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo Editors Robotics, AI, and Humanity Science, Ethics, and Policy 123 Editors JoachimvonBraun MargaretS.Archer BonnUniversity UniversityofWarwick Bonn,Germany Coventry,UK GregoryM.Reichberg MarceloSánchezSorondo PeaceResearchInstitute PontificalAcademyofSciences Oslo,Norway VaticanCity,Vatican ISBN978-3-030-54172-9 ISBN978-3-030-54173-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54173-6 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2021.Thisbookisanopenaccesspublication. OpenAccess ThisbookislicensedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0InternationalLicense (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/),whichpermitsuse,sharing,adaptation,distributionandreproduction inanymediumorformat,aslongasyougiveappropriatecredittotheoriginalauthor(s)andthesource,providealink totheCreativeCommonslicenseandindicateifchangesweremade. Theimagesorotherthirdpartymaterialinthisbookareincludedinthebook’sCreativeCommonslicense,unless indicatedotherwiseinacreditlinetothematerial.Ifmaterialisnotincludedinthebook’sCreativeCommonslicense andyourintendeduseisnotpermittedbystatutoryregulationorexceedsthepermitteduse,youwillneedtoobtain permissiondirectlyfromthecopyrightholder. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelieved tobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty, expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeen made.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Message from Pope Francis Photocredit:GabriellaC.Marino Artificialintelligenceisattheheartoftheepochalchangeweareexperiencing.Roboticscan make a better world possible if it is joined to the common good. Indeed, if technological progress increases inequalities, it is not true progress. Future advances should be oriented towards respecting the dignity of the person and of Creation. Let us pray that the progress of robotics and artificial intelligence may always serve humankind... we could say, may it “behuman”. PopeFrancis,NovemberPrayerIntention,5November2020 v Acknowledgements This edited volume, including the suggestions for action, emerged from a Conference on “Robotics,AIandHumanity,Science,EthicsandPolicy”,organizedjointlybythePontifical Academy of Sciences (PAS) and the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences (PASS), 16–17 May2019,CasinaPioIV,VaticanCity.Tworelatedconferenceshadpreviouslybeenheldat Casina Pio IV, Vatican City: “Power and Limitations of Artificial Intelligence” (December 2016) and “Artificial Intelligence and Democracy” (March 2018). The presentations and discussions from these conferences are accessible on the website of the Pontifical Academy ofScienceswww.pas.va/content/accademia/en.html.Thecontributionsbyalltheparticipants in these conferences are gratefully acknowledged. This publication has been supported by the Center for Development Research (ZEF) at Bonn University and the Research Council ofNorway. vii Contents AI,Robotics,andHumanity:Opportunities,Risks, andImplicationsforEthicsandPolicy....................................... 1 JoachimvonBraun,MargaretS.Archer,GregoryM.Reichberg, andMarceloSánchezSorondo PartI FoundationalIssuesinAIandRobotics DifferencesBetweenNaturalandArtificialCognitive Systems .................................................................. 17 WolfSinger FoundationsofArtificialIntelligenceandEffectiveUniversalInduction ......... 29 JörgZimmermannandArminB.Cremers WhatIsConsciousness,andCouldMachinesHaveIt?......................... 43 StanislasDehaene,HakwanLau,andSidKouider CouldaRobotBeConscious?SomeLessonsfromPhilosophy .................. 57 MarkusGabriel Part II AI and Robotics Changing the Future of Society: Work, Farming, Services,andPoverty RoboticsandtheGlobalOrganisationofProduction .......................... 71 KoenDe BackerandTimothyDeStefano AI/RoboticsandthePoor .................................................. 85 JoachimvonBraunandHeikeBaumüller RoboticsandAIinFoodSecurityandInnovation:WhyTheyMatter andHowtoHarnessTheirPower ........................................... 99 MaximoTorero RoboticsintheClassroom:HopesorThreats?................................ 109 PierreLéna HumansJudgedbyMachines:TheRiseofArtificialIntelligence inFinance,Insurance,andRealEstate ...................................... 119 FrankPasquale PartIII Robotics,AI,andMilitarizedConflict DesigningRobotsfortheBattlefield:StateoftheArt.......................... 131 BruceA.Swett,ErinN.Hahn,andAshleyJ.Llorens ix x Contents ApplyingAIontheBattlefield:TheEthicalDebates........................... 147 GregoryM.ReichbergandHenrikSyse AINuclearWinterorAIThatSavesHumanity? AIandNuclearDeterrence ................................................. 161 NobumasaAkiyama PartIV AI/Robot–HumanInteractions:RegulatoryandEthicalImplications TheAIandRobotEntity ................................................... 173 MarceloSánchezSorondo FriendshipBetweenHumanBeingsandAIRobots?........................... 177 MargaretS.Archer RobotsandRights:ReviewingRecentPositionsinLegalPhilosophy andEthics ................................................................ 191 WolfgangM.Schröder Human–RobotInteractionsandAffectiveComputing:TheEthical Implications .............................................................. 205 LaurenceDevillers ImpactofAI/RoboticsonHumanRelations:Co-evolution ThroughHybridisation .................................................... 213 PierpaoloDonati WhatIsIttoImplementaHuman-RobotJointAction?........................ 229 AurelieClodicandRachidAlami ResponsibleRoboticsandResponsibilityAttribution .......................... 239 Aimeevan Wynsberghe RegulatingAI:ConsiderationsthatApplyAcrossDomains..................... 251 AngelaKane AHumanBlueprintforAICoexistence ...................................... 261 Kai-FuLee AI, Robotics, and Humanity: Opportunities, Risks, and Implications for Ethics and Policy JoachimvonBraun,MargaretS.Archer,GregoryM.Reichberg, andMarceloSánchezSorondo Contents Introduction............................................................................ 2 FoundationalIssuesinAIandRobotics.................................................... 2 OverviewonPerspectives.................................................................. 2 IntelligentAgents......................................................................... 3 Consciousness........................................................................... 4 AIandRoboticsChangingtheFutureofSociety............................................ 4 Work................................................................................... 5 AI/Robotics:PovertyandWelfare........................................................... 5 FoodandAgriculture...................................................................... 6 Education............................................................................... 6 Finance,Insurance,andOtherServices....................................................... 7 Robotics/AIandMilitarizedConflict....................................................... 7 ImplicationsforEthicsandPolicies........................................................ 9 AI/Robotics:HumanandSocialRelations.................................................... 9 RegulatingforGoodNationalandInternationalGovernance..................................... 11 References.............................................................................. 13 Abstract computationalbasis,brain–AIcomparisons,andconflict- ing positions on AI and consciousness. AI and robotics This introduction to the volume gives an overview of arechangingthefutureofsocietyinareassuchaswork, foundationalissuesinAIandrobotics,lookingintoAI’s education,industry,farming,andmobility,aswellasser- viceslikebanking.Anotherimportantconcernaddressed J.vonBraun((cid:2)) in this volume are the impacts of AI and robotics on CenterforDevelopmentResearch(ZEF)BonnUniversity,Bonn, poor people and on inequality. These implications are Germany e-mail:[email protected] being reviewed, including how to respond to challenges and how to build on the opportunities afforded by AI M.S.Archer UniversityofWarwick,Coventry,UK and robotics. An important area of new risks is robotics e-mail:[email protected] andAIimplicationsformilitarizedconflicts.Throughout G.M.Reichberg this introductory chapter and in the volume, AI/robot- PeaceResearchInstituteOslo(PRIO),ResearchSchoolonPeaceand human interactions, as well as the ethical and religious Conflict|PoliticalScience,UniversityofOslo,Grønland,Norway implications, are considered. Approaches for fruitfully e-mail:[email protected] managingthecoexistenceofhumansandrobotsareeval- M.SánchezSorondo uated.NewformsofregulatingAIandroboticsarecalled PontificalAcademyofSciences,VaticanCity,Vatican e-mail:[email protected];[email protected] ©TheAuthor(s)2021 1 J.vonBraunetal.(eds.),Robotics,AI,andHumanity,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54173-6_1 2 J.vonBraunetal. forwhichservethepublicgoodbutalsoensureproperdata securityregulations.EthicalandlegalaspectsofAI/robotics protectionandpersonalprivacy. need clarification in order to inform regulatory policies on applications and the future development of these technolo- gies. Thevolumeisstructuredinthefollowingfoursections: Keywords Artificialintelligence·Robotics·Consciousness· • FoundationalissuesinAIandrobotics,lookingintoAI’s Labormarkets·Services·Poverty·Agriculture· computationalbasis,brain–AIcomparisonsaswellasAI Militarizedconflicts·Regulation andconsciousness. (cid:129) AIandroboticspotentiallychangingthefutureofsociety inareassuchasemployment,education,industry,farming, mobility, and services like banking. This section also Introduction1 addresses the impacts of AI and roboticson poorpeople andinequality. (cid:129) RoboticsandAIimplicationsformilitarizedconflictsand Advancesinartificialintelligence(AI)androboticsareaccel- relatedrisks. erating. They already significantly affect the functioning of (cid:129) AI/robot–human interactions and ethical and religious societiesandeconomies,andtheyhavepromptedwidespread implications: Here approaches for managing the coexis- debate over the benefits and drawbacks for humanity. This tenceofhumansandrobotsareevaluated,legalissuesare fast-moving field of science and technology requires our addressed, and policies that can assure the regulation of careful attention. The emergent technologies have, for in- AI/roboticsforthegoodofhumanityarediscussed. stance, implications for medicine and health care, employ- ment,transport,manufacturing,agriculture,andarmedcon- flict. Privacy rights and the intrusion of states into personal life is a major concern (Stanley 2019). While considerable attention has been devoted to AI/robotics applications in FoundationalIssuesinAIandRobotics each ofthesedomains,thisvolumeaims toprovideafuller picture of their connections and the possible consequences OverviewonPerspectives foroursharedhumanity.Inadditiontoexaminingthecurrent research frontiers in AI/robotics, the contributors of this The field of AI has developed a rich variety of theoretical volume address the likely impacts on societal well-being, approaches and frameworks on the one hand, and increas- the risks for peace and sustainable development as well ingly impressive practical applications on the other. AI has as the attendant ethical and religious dimensions of these thepotentialtobringaboutadvancesineveryareaofscience technologies. Attention to ethics is called for, especially as andsociety.Itmayhelpusovercomesomeofourcognitive therearealsolong-termscenariosinAI/roboticswithconse- limitationsandsolvecomplexproblems. quences that may ultimately challenge the place of humans In health, for instance, combinations of AI/robotics with insociety. brain–computer interfaces already bring unique support to AI/robotics hold much potential to address some of our patientswithsensoryormotordeficitsandfacilitatecaretak- most intractable social, economic, and environmental prob- ingofpatientswithdisabilities.Byprovidingnoveltoolsfor lems, thereby helping to achieve the UN’s Sustainable De- knowledgeacquisition,AImaybringaboutdramaticchanges velopment Goals (SDGs), including the reduction of cli- in education and facilitate access to knowledge. There may mate change. However, the implications of AI/robotics for alsobesynergiesarisingfromrobot-to-robotinteractionand equity, for poor and marginalized people, are unclear. Of possiblesynergiesofhumansandrobotsjointlyworkingon growing concern are risks of AI/robotics for peace due to tasks. their enabling new forms of warfare such as cyber-attacks Whilevastamountsofdatapresentachallengetohuman or autonomous weapons, thus calling for new international cognitive abilities, Big Data presents unprecedented oppor- tunitiesforscienceandthehumanities.Thetranslationalpo- tentialofBigDataisconsiderable,forinstanceinmedicine, 1The conclusions in this section partly draw on the Concluding public health, education, and the management of complex StatementfromaConferenceon“Robotics,AIandHumanity,Science, Ethics and Policy“, organized jointly by the Pontifical Academy systems in general (biosphere, geosphere, economy). How- of Sciences (PAS) and the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences ever, the science based on Big Data as such remains em- (PASS),16–17May2019,CasinaPioIV,VaticanCity.Thestatement piricist and challenges us to discover the underlying causal isavailableathttp://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/events/ mechanisms for generating patterns. Moreover, questions 2019/robotics/statementrobotics.html including a list of participants provided via the same link. Their contributions to the statement are remainwhethertheemphasisonAI’ssupra-humancapacities acknowledged. forcomputationandcompilationmaskmanifoldlimitations
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