Table Of ContentPage i
Robot Kinematics
Symbolic Automation and Numerical Synthesis
Page ii
Computer Engineering and Computer Science
George W. Zobrist, Series Editor
University of MissouriRolla
C.Y. Ho and Jen Sriwattanathamma: Robot Kinematics
in preparation
Samuel J. Biondo: Fundamentals of Expert Technology
Ren C. Luo and Michael G. Kay: Multisensor Integration and Fusion for Intelligent Machines and Systems
Bruce McMillin: Fault Tolerance for Multicomputers: The Application Oriented Paradigm
Nader M. Namazi: A New Approach to Signal Registration with an Emphasis on Variable Time Delay Estimation
Miguel Nussbaum: Building a Deductive Database
Paul W. Oman: Programming Style Analysis
C.P. Ravikumar: Parallel Methods for VLSI Layout Design
Song Y. Yan: Foundations of Declarative Testing & Debugging in Logic Programming
Page iii
Robot Kinematics
Symbolic Automation and Numerical Synthesis
C. Y. Ho
and
Jen Sriwattanathamma
Computer Science Department
University of MissouriRolla
Ablex Publishing Corporation
Norwood, New Jersey
Page iv
Copyright © 1990 by Ablex Publishing Corporation
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data
Ho, C. Y. (Chung You), 1933
Robot kinematics: symbolic automation and numerical synthesis /
C. Y. Ho and Jen Sriwattanathamma.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0893915742
1. Robots—Motion. 2. Kinematics. I. Jen Sriwattanathamma.
II. Title.
TJ211.4.H6 1989
629.8'92—dc20 8917753
CIP
Ablex Publishing Corporation
355 Chestnut Street
Norwood, New Jersey 07648
Page v
Table of Contents
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xi
Series Preface xiii
Preface xv
1. Introduction 1
A. Statement of the Problems 2
B. Research Objectives 3
2. Literature Review 4
A. Direct Kinematics 4
B. Inverse Kinematics 6
C. Differential Motions 8
3. Direct Manipulator Kinematics 10
A. Mathematical Preliminaries 10
1. Translation Vector 10
2. Rotation (Orientation) Matrix 12
3. Homogeneous Transformation 14
4. Transformations 15
5. Composite Homogeneous Transformation 16
6. Premultiplication and Postmultiplication of the Homogeneous 17
Transformation Matrices
7. Inverse Homogeneous Transformation 18
B. Mathematical Modeling of the Manipulator 19
1. DenavitHartenberg Representation 19
2. Specification of A Matrices 21
3. Specification of the T Matrix 22
n
C. Kinematic Control Equations 24
D. Wrist Kinematic Control Equation 25
1. Euler Angles 25
2. Specification of Euler Angles in Terms of the A Matrices 27
Page vi
3. Roll, Pitch, and Yaw 28
4. Specification of Roll, Pitch, and Yaw Angles in Terms of the A 29
Matrices
E. Arm Kinematic Control Equation 32
1. Cartesian Coordinate Arm (PPP) 33
2. Cylindrical Coordinates 35
3. Cylindrical Coordinate Arm (RPP) 36
4. Spherical Coordinates 39
5. Spherical Coordinate Arm (RRP/PRR) 39
6. Articulated Coordinate Arm (RRR) 41
F. Direct Kinematics Solutions 43
1. Spherical Arm with Euler Wrist 44
2. Articulated Arm with RollPitchYaw Wrist 48
4. Differential Motions 52
A. Relative Motions Between Frames 52
1. Angular and Linear Velocities of the Prismatic Joint 55
2. Angular and Linear Velocities of the Revolute Joint 56
3. Angular and Linear Velocities of the Prismatic/Revolute Joint with 59
Respect to the Base Frame
4. Angular and Linear Velocities of the Prismatic/Revolute Joint with 61
Respect to the End Effector Frame
B. Formulating the Manipulator Jacobian Matrix 63
1. The Jacobian Matrix with Respect to the Base Frame 66
2. The Jacobian Matrix with Respect to the End Effector Frame 67
3. The Relation between the Jacobian Matrices of the Base Frame and 67
the End Effector Frame
C. Solution for the Arm Jacobian 68
1. Jacobian of the Cylindrical Arm 68
2. Jacobian of the Spherical Arm 69
D. Solution for the Wrist Jacobian 70
1. Jacobian of the Euler Wrist 70
2. Jacobian of the RollPitchYaw Wrist 71
E. Solution for the Manipulator Jacobian 71
F. Speed Control and the PseudoInverse Jacobian Matrix 75
1. The Overdetermined Case 75
2. The Underdetermined Case 76
5. Symbolically Automated Direct Kinematics and Jacobian Equations Solver 79
A. Direct Kinematics Equations 79
1. Backward and Forward Recursive Symbolic Relations 80
Page vii
2. Backward Recursive Equations for a Revolute Joint 81
3. Backward Recursive Equations for a Prismatic Joint 83
4. Revolute Joints with Parallel Axes 84
B. Manipulator Jacobian Matrix 85
1. Recursive Symbolic Equations for the Jacobian with Respect to the 86
End Effector Frame
C. Prolog 87
1. Terms and Clauses 87
2. Prolog Control Structure 89
3. Knowledge Representation 90
4. Inference Mechanism 91
D. Automated Link Transformation Matrices Generator 91
1. Knowledge in Facts 91
2. Knowledge in Production Rules 93
E. Symbolically Automated Direct Kinematics Problems Solver 96
1. Knowledge about the Multiplication Rules 97
2. Knowledge about the Trigonometric Identities 100
3. Heuristic Rules for Simplifying the Expression 101
F. Symbolically Automated Jacobian Matrix 104
G. Example 104
H. Conclusion 108
6. Inverse Manipulator Kinematics 109
A. Inverse Homogeneous Transformation Matrices Approach 109
1. Euler Wrist 110
2. RollPitchYaw Wrist 114
3. Cartesian Arm 115
4. Cylindrical Arm 116
5. Spherical Arm 117
6. Articulated Arm 118
7. Articulated Arm with RollPitchYaw Wrist 121
B. Geometric Approach 125
1. Inverse Kinematics Solution of the Jumbo Drilling Robot 126
C. ArmWrist Partitioned Synthesis Approach 130
1. Nomenclature and Problem 131
2. Solution of the Arm Synthesis 134
3. Solution of the Wrist Synthesis 174
4. Solution of the ArmWrist Partitioned Synthesis 182
D. Numerical Examples 183
1. Cincinnati T3756 Robot 183
2. Jumbo Drilling Robot 188
7. Results and Conclusions 192
A. Results 192
Page viii
B. Analysis 219
1. Symbolically Automated System 219
2. ArmWrist Partitioned Synthesis 220
C. Conclusions 226
D. Future Research 228
References 230
Appendices
A. Solutions of Algebraic Equations 233
B. Program Listing for the Symbolically Automated System 235
C. Program Listing for the Armwrist Partitioned Synthesis Algorithm 268
Author Index 311
Subject Index 313
Page ix
List of Figures
1. Vectors Pertinent to Obtaining the Rotation Matrix 13
2. DenavitHartenberg Link Parameters for a Revolute Joint 20
3. DenavitHartenberg Link Parameters for a Prismatic Joint 20
4. Spatial Vectors, n, o, a, and p 24
5.(a) Euler Angles 26
(b) Euler Wrist 26
6. Roll, Pitch, and Yaw Angles 29
7. Manipulator with RollPitchYaw Wrist 30
8. Various Robot Arm Categories 32
9. (a) Cartesian Coordinate Arm Manipulator 34
(b) LinkAttached Frames for the Niko 600 34
10. (a) Cylindrical Coordinate System 36
(b) Spherical Coordinate System 37
11. (a) Cylindrical Coordinate Arm Manipulator 38
(b) LinkAttached Frames for the GMF M1A 38
12. LinkAttached Frames for the Jumbo Drilling Robot 40
13. (a) Articulated Coordinate Arm Manipulator 42
(b) LinkAttached Frames for the T3756 42
14. Relative Motions between Frames 53
15. Motion of a Prismatic Joint 56
16. Motion of a Revolute Joint 57
17. Relationship between the End Effector and the Coordinate Frame i1 58
18. LinkAttached Frames for the Stanford Manipulator 92
19. Relations between the Position Vector, the Arm Vector, and the Wrist 127
Vector
20. A fourdegreeoffreedom Scara Robot 193
21. LinkAttached Frames for the HITACHIPW 1011 Robot 202
22. LinkAttached Frames for the Puma Robot 214