Robert Hart and China's Early Modernization: His Journals, 1863-1866 PDF
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ROBERT HART AND CHINNS EARLY MODERNIZATION His Journals, 1863-1866 HARVARD EAST ASIAN MONOGRAPHS, 155 The preparation of this volume was made possibl,e in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent agency. Front endpapers: Rooftops of Foochow in 1870, from the colkction of The Museum of the China Trade, Sakm, Massachusetts. Robert Hart and China's Early Modernization HIS JOURNALS, 1863-1866 edited and with narratives by J. RICHARD SMITH JOHN K. FAIRBANK KATHERINE F. BRUNER Published by the Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University and distributed by the Harvard University Press Cambridge (Massachusetts) and London 1991 ©Copyright 1991 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College Print,ed in the Unit,ed States of America Index by Katherine R Bruner The Council on East Asian Studies at Harvard University publishes a mmwgraph series and, througl the Fairbank Cent,er for East Asian &search and the Reischauer Institut,e ofJ apanese Studies, admin· ist,ers research prqjects designed to farther scholarly understanding of China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Inner Asia, and aqjacent areas. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hart, Robert, Sir, 1835-1911. Robert Hart and China's early modernization : his journals, 1863-1866 I edited and with narratives by Richard J. Smith, John K. Fairbank, Katherine F. Bruner. P.· cm. - (Harvard East Asian monographs ; 155) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-674-77530-9 1. Hart, Robert, Sir, 1835-1911-Diaries. 2. Customs administration-China-Officials and employees-Diaries. 3. Customs administration-China-History-Sources. 4. China. Hai kuan tsung shui wu ssu shu -History. I. Smith, Richard J. (Richard Joseph), 1944- II. Fairbank, John King, 1907- III. Bruner, Katherine Frost, 1907- IV. Title. V. Series. HJ7071.A3H373 1991 354.510072'46'092-dc20 [BJ 91-10378 CIP This volume is dedicat,ed to WEN-HSIANG 5t.il 1818-1876 The Manchu high official Wen-hsiang was a major figure in the Ch'ing leadership that made peace with the Anglo-French invaders of Peking in 1860 and brought the Ch'ing Restoration into power in 1861. As the principal official under Prince Kung in the Grand Council and its foreign affairs subcommittee, the Tsungli Yamen, Wen-hsiang was the most influential Manchu that Robert Hart dealt with while building up the Maritime Customs Servic~. He sought Hart's advice, valued his reporting, and influenced Hart in turn. Together, the two worked to maintain the Anglo-Ch'ing entente that in the 1860s included foreign support of the Manchu dynasty against rebels and its acquiescence in the growth of foreign contact and trade. In his day Wen-hsiang was a modernizer, in ways that historians may debate. His background seems to have been rather conventional. He was both a classical scholar and a military commander. One of his outstanding qualifications to be an insider at Peking was his intense loyalty to the Ch'ing cause. Wen-hsiang was born in Liaoyang, Southern Manchuria, into a family of the Manchu Plain Red Banner. He passed the provincial examination at Peking in 1840 and became a metropolitan graduate (chin-shih) in 1845. Serving in various posts at the capital, he attained the third rank in 1855 and became a Grand Councillor in 1858 at age 40. He was an incorrupt and conscientious official of unusual objec tivity and intelligence. We esteem him especially for his skill in deal ing with Robert Hart. The balance between them is still to be determined. Contents Acknowledgments xi Preface xiii 1 Robert Hart in China's History HART MEETS THE PROPER TIME 5 SHANGHAI 1864: THE ANGLO-CH'ING PARTNERSHIP 23 2 Journals: 6 DECEMBER 1863-15 MAY 1864 47 3 Peking 1864: Esta,blishing the I.G. 's Sta,tus 97 THE I.G. UNDER THE TSUNGLI YAMEN 98 THE I.G. OVER THE MARITIME CUSTOMS SERVICE 113 4 Journals: 1 JUNE 1864-25 OC1DBER 1864 131 5 Hart at l¾rk: Facets if Administration 200 FINANCING THE GROWTH OF THE SERVICE 200 1DURING THE SOUTHERN PORTS 208 ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS AT SHANGHAI 216 THE YANGTZE PORTS AND HART'S RETURN 10 PEKING 221 6 Journals: 26 OC1DBER 1864-18 JUNE 1865 228 7 Anglo-Ch'ing Reform Measures 268 THE RES1DRATION REFORM PROGRAM 270 HART'S "BYSTANDER'S VIEW" AND THE CHINESE RESPONSE 282 8 Journals: 2 JULY 1865-2 MARCH 1866 294 9 Travels to Europe, 1866 347 THE PIN-CH'UN MISSION 348 HART'S MARRIAGE 361 10 Journals: 7 MARCH 1866-7 AUGUST 1866 368 vii CONTENTS 11 Perspectives and Hypotheses 397 HART AS INTERMEDIARY 397 CHINA'S DOMESTIC TRANSFORMATION 399 THE PROVENANCE OF REFORM PROPOSALS 402 HART'S INFLUENCE-THE ALCOCK CONVENTION OF 1869 405 THE CUS'IDMS AND IMPERIALISM 411 Appendixes 413 A: FOREIGNERS' POSITIONS IN THE IMPERIAL MARITIME CUS'IDMS 413 B: LETTERS FROM HART 'ID E. C. BOWRA 415 C: LETTERS FROM HART 'ID HESTER JANE BREDON 419 Notes 431 Bibliography 533 Glossary/Index 547 viii Illustrations MAPS 1. Partial Plan of Shanghai, 1855 24 2. Area of Li Hung-chang's and Gordon's Operations, 1863-1864 35 3. Plan of Peking 102-103 4. Eventual Growth of the Treaty Port System 114 5. Routes from Tientsin to Peking, 1860s 192-193 6. Cities Visisted by Hart during His Tour of the Treaty Ports, 1864-1865 201 TABLES 1. Ch'ing Personnel in Office, 1863-1864 104 2. Form for Reporting Quarterly Returns 204 3. Foreigners' Positions in the Maritime Customs (Appendix A) 415 PHOIDGRAPHS Rooftops of Foochow front endpapers Russell & Company 10 Li Hung-chang 37 The Russell & Company Steamship Huquong 65 Wen-hsiang 106 General Gordon in Chinese Dress 189 A Peking Cart 193 Wellington Street, Hong Kong 209 The Front Gate of the City Walls of the Tartar City of Peking 269 A Peking hu-t'ung 272 Prince Kung, Peking, 4 November 1860 276 The Pin-ch'un Mission at Stockholm, 1866 358 Hester Jane Hart, Lady Hart, and Robert Hart 362 IX
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