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Robboy's Pathology of the Female Reproductive Tract: Expert Consult: Online and Print, 2e PDF

1056 Pages·2008·603.995 MB·English
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Commissioning Editor: Michael J Houston Development Editor: Sharon Nash Project Manager: Rory MacDonald Design: Erik Bigland Illustration Manager: Merlyn Harvey Illustrator: Richard Prime Marketing Manager(s) (UK/USA): John Canelon/Radha Mawrie ROBBOY’S PATHOLOGY FEMALE of the REPRODUCTIVE TRACT SECOND EDITION Edited by Stanley J. Robboy Rex C. Bentley MD FCAP MD FCAP Professor and Vice Chairman, Department of Pathology, Associate Professor of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Chief, Division of Diagnostic Services, Professor of Obstetrics Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA & Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, Peter Russell USA MD FRCPA Professor of Pathology, The University of Sydney and Director, George L. Mutter MD FCAP Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Associate Professor of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Malcolm C. Anderson Boston, MA, USA FRCPath FRCOG Emeritus Consultant Histopathologist, Department of Jaime Prat MD PhD FRCPath Histopathology, University Hospital, Queen’s Medical Centre, Professor and Chairman, Department of Pathology, Hospital Nottingham, UK de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Notice Medical knowledge is constantly changing. Standard safety precautions must be followed, but as new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy may become CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current An imprint of Elsevier Limited. product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug to be administered to verify the recommended dose, the method and duration © 2009, Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved. of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on experience and knowledge of the patient, to First edition 2002 determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient. Neither the Publisher nor the authors assume any liability for any injury The right of Stanley J Robboy, George L Mutter, Jaime Prat, and/or damage to persons or property arising from this publication. Rex C Bentley, Peter Russell & Malcolm C Anderson to be identifi ed The Publisher as editors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Rights Department: phone: (+1) 215 239 3804 (US) or (+44) 1865 843830 (UK); fax: (+44) 1865 853333; Working together to grow e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your libraries in developing countries request on-line via the Elsevier website at http://www.elsevier.com/permissions. www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org ISBN: 978-0-443-07477-6 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress The publisher’s policy is to use Printed in China paper manufactured from sustainable forests Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contributors Malcolm C Anderson FRCOG FRCPath John H Eichhorn MD FASCP FIAC FCAP Emeritus Consultant Histopathologist Assistant Professor of Pathology University Hospital Harvard Medical School; Queen’s Medical Centre Department of Pathology Nottingham, UK Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA Jan PA Baak MD PhD FRCPath FIAC(Hon) DrHonCausa(Antwerp) Marc Fellous MD Professor of Pathology Faculté de Médecine Descartes University of Bergen and Free University (Amsterdam); Institut Cochin Department of Pathology Inserm Stavanger University Hospital Paris, France Stavanger, Norway Christopher D M Fletcher MD FRCPath Sarah M Bean MD FCAP Professor of Pathology Assistant Professor of Pathology Harvard Medical School; Department of Pathology Professor and Director of Surgical Pathology Duke University Medical Center Department of Pathology Durham, NC, USA Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, MA, USA Rex C Bentley MD FCAP Associate Professor of Pathology Peter Gearhart MD FACOG Department of Pathology Clinical Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology Duke University Medical Center University of Pennsylvania; Durham, NC, USA Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Penn Hospital Annie N Y Cheung MBBS MD FRCPath (UK) FHKAM(Path) Philadelphia, PA, USA FIAC Professor of Pathology Arthur F Haney MD FACOG Honorary Consultant Professor and Chairman Department of Pathology Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Queen Mary Hospital University of Chicago Medical Center The University of Hong Kong Chicago, IL, USA Hong Kong, China Christopher B Hubbard MD Rajesh Dash MD FCAP Director, Pathology Informatics Assistant Professor of Pathology Department of Pathology Department of Pathology Duke University Medical Center Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA Durham, NC, USA Francis Jaubert MD Emma M Doyle MB MRCOG FRCPath Professeur Université Descartes Lecturer in Pathology Praticien Hospitalier APHP School of Medicine and Medical Science Groupe Hospitalier Necker-Enfants Malades University College Dublin Paris, France Dublin, Ireland Richard C Jaworski MB BS (Hons) FRCPA Pathologist Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology xxix Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia CONTRIBUTORS James V Lacey Jr MPH PhD George L Mutter MD Investigator Associate Professor of Pathology Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch Harvard Medical School; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics Department of Pathology National Cancer Institute Division of Women’s and Perinatal Pathology Rockville, MD, USA Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, MA, USA Anand S Lagoo MD PhD FCAP FASCP Associate Professor of Pathology Marisa R Nucci MD Director, Clinical Flow Cytometry Laboratory Associate Professor of Pathology Department of Pathology Harvard Medical School; Duke University Medical Center Associate Pathologist Durham, NC, USA Department of Pathology Division of Women’s and Perinatal Pathology Sigurd F Lax MD PhD Brigham and Women’s Hospital Associate Professor of Pathology Boston, MA, USA Medical University Graz; Head of Department of Pathology Jaime Prat MD FRCPath General Hospital Graz West Professor and Chairman Graz, Austria Department of Pathology Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau John F Madden MD Autonomous University of Barcelona Associate Professor of Pathology Barcelona, Spain Department of Pathology Duke University Medical Center Bradley J Quade MD PhD Durham, NC, USA Associate Professor of Pathology Harvard Medical School; Anais Malpica MD Department of Pathology Professor of Pathology and Gynecologic Oncology Division of Women’s and Perinatal Pathology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Brigham and Women’s Hospital Houston, TX, USA Boston, MA, USA Xavier Matias-Guiu MD PhD Stanley J Robboy MD FCAP Chairman and Professor of Pathology and Molecular Professor and Vice Chairman of Pathology Genetics Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics Department of Pathology Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova Duke University Medical Center University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA Durham, NC, USA Lleida, Spain Jennifer M Roberts MBBS (Hons) FRCPA W Glenn McCluggage FRCPath Senior Gynecological Pathologist Professor of Pathology Mayne Health Laverty Pathology Consultant Gynecologic Pathologist North Ryde, NSW, Australia Department of Pathology Royal Group of Hospitals Trust Peter Russell MD FRCPA FRANZCOG (Hon) Belfast, Antrim, UK Professor in Pathology The University of Sydney; Maria J Merino-Neumann MD Department of Anatomical Pathology Chief, Division of Surgical Pathology Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Department of Pathology Camperdown, NSW, Australia National Cancer Institute Bethesda, MD, USA Maria Angelica Selim MD FCAP Associate Professor of Pathology and Medicine Eoghan E Mooney MD FRCPath (Dermatology) Consultant Histopathologist Director of Dermatopathology Department of Pathology Department of Pathology National Maternity Hospital Duke University Medical Center Dublin, Ireland Durham, NC, USA xxx CONTRIBUTORS Ruthy Shaco-Levy MD Mark H Stoler MD FASCP FCAP Senior Gynecological Pathologist Professor of Pathology and Clinical Gynecology; Department of Pathology Associate Director of Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Soroka Medical Center Department of Pathology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Virginia Health System Ben-Gurion University Charlottesville, VA, USA Beer-Sheva, Israel Sophia S Wang PhD Christopher R Shea MD Investigator Professor and Chief Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics Section of Dermatology; Environmental Epidemiology Branch Professor of Medicine National Cancer Institute, NIH University of Chicago Medical Center Rockville, MD, USA Chicago, IL, USA Richard J Zaino MD FCAP Mark E Sherman MD Professor of Pathology Cancer Expert Department of Pathology Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch Penn State University/Milton S. Hershey Medical Center Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics Hershey, PA, USA National Cancer Institute, NIH Rockville, MD, USA Wenxin Zheng MD FCAP Professor of Pathology and Gynecology Bruce Smoller MD FCAP Director of Gynecologic Pathology and Molecular Pathology Professor and Chair Department of Pathology Department of Pathology University of Arizona College of Medicine University of Arkansas Medical Sciences Tucson, AZ, USA Little Rock, AR, USA xxxi Foreword It is a privilege to have the opportunity to write the foreword pathogenesis of genital tract neoplasia. The references have for this excellent and much needed textbook. The fi eld of gyne- been carefully selected to be the most comprehensive and cological pathology has continued to grow with new develop- current sources of further knowledge should the reader seek ments that have changed methods of diagnosis and therapy. such. The fi rst edition of this textbook did much to outline the under- Most importantly the text is very readable and is designed lying principals of this fi eld and at the same time discuss both to assist the practitioner. Theoretical situations are minimized the current state of our knowledge and practice. This second and have given way to practical explanations and methodolo- edition carries the mission further with a wider number of gies for management of diseases that affl ict the female repro- authors and subjects. ductive tract. The textbook will be an essential ingredient for The text is organized in the classical manner. Beginning with the library of every physician who participates in the manage- embrology then proceeding with organ site discussions of ment of these problems. benign and malignant conditions. The list of authors are from the most knowledgeable individuals in the fi eld of female repro- Philip J. DiSaia, MD ductive tract pathology with Dr. Robboy participating in the The Dorothy J. Marsh Chair in Reproductive Biology majority of the contributions, giving the text a smoothness not Director, Division of Gynecologic Oncology usually seen in multi-author text books. Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology New developments over the last decade have been carefully University of California, Irvine College of Medicine presented. Especially where our knowledge has exploded: such Orange, California, USA as the relationship of the human papillomavirus (HPV) and the xxxiii Preface Pathology of the Female Reproductive Tract, by design, is provided pathologists with new tools to explore what until dynamic, comprehensive and thorough, but pithy and easy to recently was considered classical pathology. Both Chapters 1 read. A decision we made when planning the 1st edition was to (embryology) and 34 (disorders of sexual development, also give the book multi-continental fl avor. This was to acknowl- abnormal sexual development or intersex) heavily explore the edge the reality that a common medicine is today practiced on histochemical, biochemical and genetic changes that take place an international scale and that the standard of care is no longer over time. local, but global. The many advances discussed throughout the A goal of this book, although never explicitly stated in the book emanate from many different countries. In this newest fi rst edition, is that all of the concepts and fi ndings presented edition, 41 authors have been invited to participate, again could be used today in everyday practice. The book was not representing many of the leading institutions throughout the written to discuss theory, but rather what could be put into world. As with the 1st edition, we have tried to make the text practice today. Hence, many pearls are included that we use in appear seamless as if prepared by a single author, yet retaining our daily practices. Further, a new chapter (Chapter 36) was the fl avor and indeed the differences that a multitude of authors added that systematically details the many immunohistoche- and editors bring when viewing the same area. The positive mical markers useful in gynecologic pathology. We hope this response from our readers has reaffi rmed the value of this proves a useful reference. approach. If there is one area in which the editors have strayed into the To add further functionality, the authors have drawn upon future, it regards the importance of both synoptic reporting and their extensive personal experience, queries of trainees and coding, both of which make the reports rendered useful to the junior colleagues, and discussions with senior colleagues to clinicians and managers of the electronic record in which the identify those problems and questions which are commonly reports appear. Since publication of the fi rst edition of this encountered in practice. Unanswerable questions, today’s puz- book, the College of American Pathologists (CAP) has entered zling conundrums and provocations stimulate those insights into two key agreements that are having a major impact on all that will become tomorrow’s advances. In both incorporating of medicine. The College has authorized the American College and fi ltering the ever increasing recent literature, the authors of Surgeons (ACS) to utilize CAP derived standardized data have consciously presented only those theories and explana- elements and synoptic report formats. In turn, the American tions that we have considered hold merit. College of Surgeons now requires that for an institutional tumor Several aspects of the second edition are new. By involving registry to be ACS certifi ed, all pathology reports must incor- many new authors, perspectives on presentation for individual porate pathology reporting elements deemed critical by the organs by necessity have differed. In some instances, this is CAP. Synoptic reports ensure that all relevant information is because medicine has evolved. Emerging new concepts about included in the diagnosis rendered, allowing for better treatment the pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma have led to an of patients and easier comparison of fi ndings across institutions. entire new body of work on separating those lesions that are The elements of synoptic reporting are covered in Appendix C. precancerous, now called endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia, The second major event occurred in 2005 when the coding from those that have histologic appearances of hyperplasia, system the CAP developed (SNOMED, or Systematized but are biologically benign (Chapter 15). Knowledge has also Nomenclature of Medicine) which also incorporated the United exploded in our understanding of the relation between human Kingdom’s Clinical Terms Version 3) was adopted by the US papilloma virus (HPV) and the pathogenesis of cervical neo- National Library of Medicine as the major language of health- plasia, with new understanding about the biology of those care. The importance of this language and its role as a critical precancerous lesions that themselves might regress spontane- element of electronic healthcare is described in Appendix D. ously (Chapters 7 and 8). We see the beginning of major insights To keep the volume current and manageable for the reader, being made in endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer. To the the authors have emphasized inclusion of references published extent possible, these insights are incorporated into this edition, since 2000. To the extent feasible, earlier articles have been although we anticipate a plethora of new fi ndings in the next pruned as they are now general knowledge and easily accessible decade. The development of reliable immunohistochemical from various databases. Further, current review articles have techniques, some borrowing from molecular diagnostics, have been given preference rather than the original older articles. xxxv PREFACE The review articles often provide new insights and advances We truly hope that within the year, your book will be ragged not present in the original. and ravaged from use. Finally, during the intense multiyear endeavor required to prepare both the prior and this edition, your editors have Stanley J. Robboy enjoyed a buoyant spirit and have tried to portray this in the George L. Mutter various chapters. Except where deemed outrageous by either Jaime Prat the editors from Elsevier or our wives, we have left several Rex C. Bentley purposeful elements of humor embedded in the text. Like the Peter Russell children’s series, “Where’s Elmo”, we challenge the reader to Malcolm C. Anderson fi nd these inclusions. xxxvi Dedication To our wives — Marion, Patty, Serena, Genie, Gail & Chris- tine — the loves of our lives. xxxvii

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