Вritish cities: Учебное пособие для обучающихся в бакалавриате по направлению подготовки «Педагогическое образование»

84 Pages·2015·7.225 MB·Russian

by  Колыхалова О.А., Махмурян К.С.

O. Kolykhalova, K. Makhmuryan
BRITISH CITIES
Рекомендовано УМО по образованию
в области подготовки педагогических кадров
в качестве учебного пособия для студентов высших учебных заведений,
обучающихся по направлению 050100.62 «Педагогическое образование»
Москва • 2015
УДК 811.111
ББК 81.432.1я73
К619
Рецензенты:
Е. Р. Ватсон, кандидат филологических наук, доцент
И. Ш. Алешина, кандидат психологических наук, доцент
Колыхалова Ольга Алексеевна
К619 Вritish cities : Учебное пособие для обучающихся в бака-
лавриате по направлению подготовки «Педагогическое обра-
зование» / O. Kolykhalova, K. Makhmuryan. – Москва:
Прометей, 2015. – 84 с. : ил.
ISBN 978-5-9906134-0-9
Учебное пособие «BRITISH CITIES» для обучающихся в бакалавриате
по направлению подготовки «Педагогическое образование» ставит сво-
ей целью развитие у студентов навыков устной речи и предполагает
усвоение большого объема лексики по теме «Города Британии».
УДК 811.111
ББК 81.432.1я73
ISBN 978-5-9906134-0-9 © Издательство «Прометей», 2015
© Колыхалова О. А., текст, 2015
© Махмурян К. С., текст, 2015
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
PART 1
OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Oxford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
All Souls College . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
The World of Alice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
The Dean’s Daughter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Tell us a story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Alice’s Oxford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Cambridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
The Hidden Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
PART 2
SHAKESPEARE COUNTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Stratford-upon-Avon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Coventry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Birmingham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
PART 3
CANTERBURY AND THE SOUTHEAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Charles Dickens country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Canterbury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
PART 4
BRIGHTON AND THE DOWNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Raffi sh Brighton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
PART 5
THE ENGLISH GARDEN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
The Art of the Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
The Great Gardeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
PART 6
HAMPSHIRE, WILTSHIRE AND DORSET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Salisbury to Stonehenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
PART 7
BATH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
The ancient abbey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Georgian elegance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
PART 8
THE LAKE DISTRICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
The Southern Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
The Lake Poets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
The Daffodils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
PART 9
YORK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Into the old town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Heart of the old town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
The age of horse and steam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
PART 1
OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE
OXFORD
Yet, O ye spires of Oxford! domes and towers!
Gardens and groves! your presence overpowers.
William Wordsworth
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Oxford is both an historic and a beautiful city. Dominated by its
famous university, it was, in fact, an important and prosperous town
with some 4,000 inhabitants in Saxon times, long before the university
was founded here. Situated at a strategic crossing point on the river,
between the ancient kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex, ancient Oxenforde
is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of 912. The town was
fortifi ed and garrisoned by the Normans, and when Oxford declared for
the Royalists during the Civil War, King Charles I moved his court here
from London. Oxford University has its origins in the ancient monastic
schools, but it was not until the early 13th century that the university
was granted its fi rst charter. Today it remains one of the great European
centres of learning with nearly 20,000 students studying in 39 colleges.
In the centre of the town it is scarcely possible to turn a corner or glance
down a side street without coming upon some new perspective of Gothic
towers, ancient cloisters and charming quadrangles. Here almost every
period of architecture is represented with outstanding examples of the
works of such masters as Sir Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor.
Generations of writers have praised Oxford’s delights. Matthew Arnold’s
“city of dreaming spires” is also Gerard Manley Hopkins’ “towery city and
branchy between towers” and indeed it is the presence of trees, colourful
college gardens and busy rivers which helps to make Oxford what it is.
Oxford University has been responsible for educating members
of the British and foreign royal families as well as prime minis-
ters, archbishops and many influential scientists, artists and writ-
ers. Shelley, Oscar Wilde, Auden, Iris Murdoch and Larkin were
all students here and other notable writers who are associated with
Oxford are Lewis Carroll, J. R. R. Tolkein and C. S. Lewis who
all taught at Oxford colleges. The superb architecture and beautiful
scenery of Oxford has become familiar to many who have never
visited the city from its use as a setting for films and television
series such as Brideshead Revisited, Shadowlands and, of course,
Inspector Morse.
In Saxon times two major trade routes intersected at Oxford: one
linking London and the West, the other leading from the south coast to
the Midlands. It was probably near the spot, which today is known as
Carfax that the two routes crossed. Carfax certainly became the centre
of the old town and today four main roads meet at this busy junction.
A prominent landmark, Carfax Tower once served as the belfry of St
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Martin’s Church. It was from here in medieval times that bells were
rung to summon people in times of riot. The nave was demolished in the
1890s when the road was widened but from the top of the tower there are
magnifi cent views of Oxford’s skyline. Known as The High, Oxford’s
wide, curving High Street presents one of the best-known prospects in
the city. It is lined with mellow college buildings and contains some
fascinating old shops. Cooper’s Marmalade was fi rst sold here from
Frank Cooper’s grocery shop and William Morris, who later founded
Morris Motors, had a bicycle repair shop in The High. A few doors away
is the site of Europe’s oldest coffee shop which dates from the 1630s.
Several colleges line The High, one of which, University College,
is among the three oldest Oxford colleges. It was founded in 1249, but
did not move into its own buildings until some eighty years later. Only
a handful of students attended the college during its fi rst 200 years, but
subsequent bequests and much new building in the 16th and 17th centuries
enabled it to become a fl ourishing and popular college. The poet Shelley
spent six months here as an undergraduate before being sent down in
1811 for writing a pamphlet on The Necessity of Atheism.
Situated in the heart of Oxford, the Church of St Mary the
Virgin is known as “The University Church”.
7
There has been a church on this site since Anglo-Saxon times but
the earliest parts of the present building are the tower, which dates from
1280, and its elaborate spire which was added about forty years later. The
splendid nave, in the Perpendicular style with superb arches and large
windows, was built in the 15th century. St Mary’s has been the setting for
many historic events. In 1555 it was the location of the trial of the “Oxford
Martyrs”, when Archbishop Cranmer and Bishops Latimer and Ridley
were tried for heresy and subsequently condemned to be burnt at the stake.
Later John and Charles Wesley, and John Keble, all preached here. From
the top of the spire the rich architectural heritage of the city stretches far
into the distance, taking in several of the neighbouring colleges.
ALL SOULS COLLEGE
The College of All Souls of the Faithful Departed of Oxford, was
founded by King Henry VI and Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury,
in 1438. It was originally established for forty fellows to take Holy Orders,
twenty-four to study arts, philosophy and theology, and sixteen to study
law. Today the College is primarily an academic research institution and
is the only Oxford college, which does not admit undergraduates. It is
thought that Christopher Wren was responsible for its design.
8
Founded in 1509 and expanded during the next 400 years, Brasenose
College exhibits a delightful variety of building styles.
Jesus College was founded in 1571, the only Oxford college to be
founded during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. It was intended for the
education of future clergymen and provided mainly for Welsh scholars.
It has retained a strong connection with Wales to the present day and
an important collection of Welsh books and manuscripts, some of them
dating from medieval time, is housed in the college. T. E. Lawrence,
Lawrence of Arabia, was an undergraduate here.
Trinity College was founded in 1554 and dedicated to the “Holy and
Undivided Trinity”. It stands on the site of medieval Durham College,
some parts of which are incorporated in the present buildings. Tranquil
Trinity Gardens are among the most beautiful in Oxford.
The Ashmolean Museum in Beaumont Street was opened in 1845 to
house Elias Ashmole’s great art collection. This originated in items collected
in the early 17th century by John Tradescant, the royal gardener, on his travels
in Europe searching for plants. The collection eventually passed to Ashmole
who donated it to the university. Next to the Ashmolean, and completed in
the same year, stands the Taylor Institute. It was built for the teaching of
modern languages and now houses the modern European languages library.
Situated in the centre of Oxford near Magdalen Bridge, the University
of Oxford Botanic Garden is believed to be the oldest botanical garden
in Britain. Originally known as the “Physick Garden”, it was laid out on
derelict ground in 1621 by Henry Danvers, Earl of Danby, for the study of
medicinal herbs in the faculty of medicine at Magdalen College. In Tudor
and Stuart times, interest in botany increased and by the end of the 18th
century medicine and botany had become separate sciences. Appointed
Professor of Botany in 1834, Charles Daubeny changed the name of the
garden which from that time onwards concentrated on botany and evolution
rather than medicine. Today the garden lies in a peaceful setting beside the
river, largely enclosed by a high stone wall. The main entrance, opposite
Magdalen College, is a fi ne example of a baroque gateway.
The River Thames at Oxford is known as the Isis, from the Roman name
Tamesis, and it invariably presents a busy scene with small boats, canoes
and pleasure steamers plying from Folly Bridge in the centre of the town.
The present bridge dates from 1827 although a bridge was recorded here as
early as 871. It is named after a folly built at one end of the bridge in which
the Elizabethan philosopher and essayist Sir Francis Bacon once lived. Folly
9
Bridge was the starting point on 4th July 1862 for the Reverend Charles
Dodgson’s boat outing with the Liddell sisters which resulted in his classic
children’s story – Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Below the bridge is the
university rowing course where the few remaining picturesque old college
barges are moored. The modern boat-houses which have superceded them
stand on the banks of the river. A popular venue especially in summer, The
Head of the River is a traditional pub, ideally located next to Folly Bridge.
Much of its seating is outdoors which makes it the perfect spot for watching
all the activity on the river. There is a long and fl ourishing tradition of rowing
in Oxford. Its most famous expression is the annual Oxford and Cambridge
University Boat Race, but throughout the year college crews can be seen
training and competing on the river. In the spring term, fi rst year students
take part in Torpids, but the major event in the rowing calendar is Eights
Week when the colleges compete for the title “Head of the River”.
Exercises
Exercise 1
Give synonyms to the following words:
gather, beautiful, establish, include, situated, present, complete, par-
ticipate, watch.
Exercise 2
These pairs of words are easily confused. Write sentences to show
their different meanings.
- founded/funded,
- historic/historical,
- economic/economical,
- study/teach,
- routes/roads.
Exercise 3
Which of the following words can be used with the verbs ATTEND
and VISIT?
Event, doctor, meeting, school, city, theatre, museum, class, site,
person.
Exercise 4
Complete the text.
Oxford can mean many things. It may be seen _1_ a seat of
intellectual activity advancing the frontiers _2_ knowledge, fostering the
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