Risk communication a handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks PDF
Preview Risk communication a handbook for communicating environmental, safety, and health risks
RISK COMMUNICATION IEEE Press 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854 IEEE Press Editorial Board Ekram Hossain, Editor in Chief GiancarloFortino AndreasMolisch LindaShafer DavidAlanGrier SaeidNahavandi MohammadShahidehpour DonaldHeirman RayPerez SarahSpurgeon XiaoouLi JeffreyReed AhmetMuratTekalp RISK COMMUNICATION A Handbook for Communicating Environmental, Safety, and Health Risks SIXTH EDITION Regina E. Lundgren Andrea H. McMakin Copyright2018byTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.,and ReginaE.LundgrenandAndreaH.McMakin.Allrightsreserved. PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey. PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise, exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,without eitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentofthe appropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers, MA01923,(978)750-8400,fax(978)750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.Requeststo thePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley& Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineat http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbest effortsinpreparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttothe accuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimplied warrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedor extendedbysalesrepresentativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontained hereinmaynotbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhere appropriate.Neitherthepublishernorauthorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyother commercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orother damages. Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,pleasecontact ourCustomerCareDepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnited Statesat(317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprint maynotbeavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitour websiteatwww.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailable. ISBN:978-1-119-45611-7 Coverdesign:Wiley Coverimage:@Lightspring/Shutterstock PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS ListofFigures XVII ListofTables XIX Preface XXI AbouttheAuthors XXIII 1 INTRODUCTION 1 ToBegin 2 TheRiskCommunicationProcess 6 Audiences,Situations,andPurposes 8 References 8 PARTI UNDERSTANDINGRISKCOMMUNICATION 2 APPROACHESTOCOMMUNICATINGRISK 11 Cross-CuttingRiskCommunicationApproaches 12 CommunicationProcessApproach 12 National Research Council’s Approach 13 Hazard Plus Outrage Approach 14 Social Amplification of Risk Approach 14 Social Constructionist Approach 15 CAUSE Approach 16 Mental Noise Approach 17 Social Network Contagion Approach 17 Social Trust Approach 18 Evolutionary Theory Approach 20 CareCommunicationApproaches 20 Mental Models Approach 20 Extended Parallel Process Model Approach 21 Description-Experience Gap Approach 22 v vi CONTENTS Risk Information Seeking and Processing Approach 22 ConsensusCommunicationApproach 23 CrisisCommunicationApproaches 24 Original Crisis Communication Approach 24 Crisis and Emergency Communication Approach 25 Relational Dialectics Approach 25 Summary 26 References 26 AdditionalResources 28 3 LAWSTHATMANDATERISKCOMMUNICATION 29 ComprehensiveEnvironmentalResponse, Compensation, andLiabilityAct 30 EmergencyPlanningandCommunityRight-to-KnowAct 31 ExecutiveOrder12898,EnvironmentalJusticeinMinority PopulationsandLow-IncomePopulations 34 ExecutiveOrder13045,ReduceEnvironmentalHealth andSafetyRiskstoChildren 34 FoodandDrugAdministrationRegulationsonPrescription DrugCommunication 35 NationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct 35 NaturalResourceDamageAssessment 36 OccupationalSafetyandHealthAct 37 ResourceConservationandRecoveryAct 39 RiskManagementPlanRule 39 PrivacyRule 39 OtherGovernmentInducements 40 International Standards, Guidance, and Agreements 40 North American Standards 41 Grants 42 Summary 42 References 42 AdditionalResources 43 4 CONSTRAINTSTOEFFECTIVERISKCOMMUNICATION 45 ConstraintsontheCommunicator 45 Organizational Constraints 46 CONTENTS vii Emotional Constraints 53 ConstraintsfromtheAudience 55 Cultural Alignment 55 Hostility and Outrage 56 Panic and Denial 58 Apathy 59 Mistrust of Risk Assessment 60 Disagreements on the Acceptable Magnitude of Risk 61 Lack of Faith in Science and Institutions 61 Learning Difficulties 62 ConstraintsforBothCommunicatorandAudience 63 Stigma 63 Stability of the Knowledge Base 64 Summary 65 References 65 AdditionalResources 67 5 ETHICALISSUES 69 SocialEthics 70 The Sociopolitical Environment’s Influence 70 The Use of the Risk Idiom 72 Fairness of the Risk 74 Consequences of Multiple Meanings 75 The Issue of Stigma 76 OrganizationalEthics 77 Legitimacy of Representation 77 Designation of Primary Audience 79 Releasing Information 79 Attitude toward Compliance with Regulations 81 PersonalEthics 82 Using Persuasion 82 The Role of the Communicator 83 Liability and Professional Responsibility 83 Organizational Ethics or Personal Ethics? 84 Summary 85 References 85 AdditionalResources 86 viii CONTENTS 6 PRINCIPLESOFRISKCOMMUNICATION 89 PrinciplesofProcess 90 Know Your Communication Limits and Purpose 90 Whenever Possible, Pretest Your Message 91 Communicate Early, Often, and Fully 92 Be the Expert 93 Remember That Perception Is Reality 94 PrinciplesofPresentation 95 Know Your Audience 95 Do Not Limit Yourself to One Form or One Method 95 Simplify Language and Presentation, Not Content 96 Be Objective, Not Subjective 96 Communicate Honestly, Clearly, and Compassionately 96 Listen and Deal with Specific Concerns 97 Convey the Same Information to All Segments of Your Audience 97 Deal with Uncertainty 98 Address Misinformation 99 PrinciplesforComparingRisks 100 Use Analogies, but Do Not Trivialize 101 Use Ranges 102 Compare with Standards 102 Compare with Other Estimates of the Same Risk 102 Compare Traits 103 Do Not Compare Risks with Different Levels of Associated Outrage 103 Explain Reductions in Magnitude 103 Summary 104 References 104 AdditionalResources 105 PARTII PLANNINGTHERISKCOMMUNICATIONEFFORT 7 DETERMINEPURPOSEANDOBJECTIVES 109 FactorsThatInfluencePurposeandObjectives 110 Legal Issues 110 Organizational Requirements 111 The Risk Itself 111 Audience Requirements 113 CONTENTS ix Reference 114 AdditionalResources 115 8 ANALYZEYOURAUDIENCE 117 BeginwithPurposeandObjectives 118 ChooseaLevelofAnalysis 119 DetermineKeyAudienceCharacteristics 122 DetermineHowtoFindAudienceAnalysisInformation 125 IncorporateAudienceAnalysisInformationintoRisk CommunicationEfforts 129 References 132 AdditionalResources 133 9 DEVELOPYOURMESSAGE 135 CommonPitfalls 136 InformationPeopleWant 139 MentalModels 141 MessageMappingandMessageDevelopmentTemplates 144 HealthRiskCommunication 144 CrisisCommunication 147 References 150 AdditionalResource 151 10 DETERMINETHEAPPROPRIATEMETHODS 153 InformationMaterials 153 VisualRepresentationofRisk 155 Face-to-FaceCommunication 156 TheNewsMedia 158 StakeholderParticipation 160 Technology-AssistedCommunication 162 SocialMedia 163 Partnerships 164 AdditionalResources 166 11 SETASCHEDULE 167 LegalRequirements 167 OrganizationalRequirements 168 x CONTENTS TheScientificProcess 169 OngoingActivities 169 AudienceNeeds 170 Reference 172 12 DEVELOPACOMMUNICATIONPLAN 173 WhattoIncludeinaCommunicationPlan 174 DevelopingRiskCommunicationStrategies 177 Storyboarding as a Planning Tool 178 Communication Planning Using the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) Approach 179 Using an Audience Focus 180 Strategic Planning for Risk Communication 182 References 183 AdditionalResources 184 PARTIII PUTTINGRISKCOMMUNICATIONINTOACTION 13 INFORMATIONMATERIALS 187 ConstructingInformationMaterials 187 Information to Be Included 188 Organizing Content for Information Materials 191 Language for Information Materials 191 Narrative Style in Information Materials 194 GuidelinesforSpecificTypesofInformationMaterials 195 Newsletters 195 Pamphlets, Booklets, and Fact Sheets 197 Posters, Advertisements, and Displays 197 Articles 199 Technical Reports and Books 199 References 202 AdditionalResources 202 14 VISUALREPRESENTATIONSOFRISKS 203 DesignVisualsforSpecificAudiencesandUses 205 MatchtheVisualPortrayaltotheInformationtoBeConveyed 207 PretestGraphicswithThoseWhoWillUseThem 209
The list of books you might like
