Risk assessment and security for pipelines, tunnels, and underground rail and transit operations

406 Pages·2014·34.345 MB·English

by  Doro-on, Anna Maricel

Homeland Security D Risk Assessment
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Risk Assessment and Security for Pipelines, Tunnels, and Underground Rail r
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and Transit Operations details a quantitative risk assessment methodology for
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systematically analyzing various alternatives for protecting underground rail, oil and o Security
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gas pipelines, pipeline freight transportation, and other tunnel systems from terrorism
threats and other disasters. It examines the engineering, environmental, and economic
impacts and addresses both direct and collateral damage.
The book emphasizes how to apply the methodology of quantitative psychology for R
effective risk assessment in homeland security, critical infrastructure, and defense— T Pipelines, Tunnels,
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specifically, in protecting pipelines, tunnels, underground rapid rail, and transit systems. n
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• Outlines the background and system operations of pipelines, tunnels, lA and Underground
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and operations for terrorism n
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• Deals with the probabilistic risk estimation process, event tree analysis, e
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• Discusses the risk and vulnerability assessment tools and methodologies oa
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Approved for public release by the U.S. Federal Government, this book presents S
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regulations, standard processes, and risk assessment models recommended by the U.S. ile

Department of Homeland Security and other federal and state agencies. Describing ac
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how to evaluate terrorism threats and warnings, it details protocols for preventive d
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measures and emergency preparedness plans that are based on economic analysis. Ti
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With comprehensive coverage that includes risk estimation and risk acceptability s
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analysis, the book provides a foundational understanding of risk and the various to

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defensive systems that can improve safety and security as well as thwart terrorists’ r
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w w w. c r c p r e s s . c o m

Risk Assessment
Security
and for
Pipelines, Tunnels,
and Underground
Rail and Transit
Operations

Risk Assessment
Security
and for
Pipelines, Tunnels,
and Underground
Rail and Transit
Operations
Anna M. Doro-on
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20130923
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-6934-8 (eBook - PDF)
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I dedicate this book to my fellow citizens, heroes, warfighters, and to those
who continually work so hard to protect our nation and allies,
and in memory of my little brother, Romwel, who passed away on June 22, 2013.
I could not have done this work without all of you.
—
Uncertainty dwells when knowledge and wisdom regarding past and
future events are absent. Death brings with it final certainty.
Thought without discernment leads to flawed decisions,
Judgment based on gut feeling is an alley to incongruous choice,
Unsound decision leads to a dangerous abyss.
Information detects the smoking motions of the enemy,
Imagination destroys the raging fires,
Thus, information and imagination are the most powerful weapons of all.
Heroes protect and defend American hopes and dreams,
Their mission is to shield us with indestructible armors and weapons,
And they live, survive—they never die.
Oh Mother Nature! We want you to be happy and
willingly join the battle to defend our freedom!
—
I dedicate this book to my mentors who supported my endeavors:
Robert Linza, John Weatherford, Mark Listewnik,
Rocky Shih, and Timothy Brotherton.
To my parents Arch. Marcela and Engr. Romeo Doro-on for the talent that I inherited
from them. To my younger brothers Romwel and Romcel and to Anna Liza, Rommel,
and Auntie Fe Nolte for keeping me strong with their guidance and endless love.

Contents
Preface ..........................................................................................................xix
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................xxi
Author .......................................................................................................xxiii
1 Introduction ...........................................................................................1
1.1 Background .......................................................................................1
1.2 Risk Acceptability of Terrorism and Disaster .....................................2
1.3 Objective ...........................................................................................2
1.4 Scope .................................................................................................2
1.5 Purpose .............................................................................................3
2 Hazards, Terrorism, and Weapons of Mass Destruction on
Pipelines, Tunnels, and Underground Rail and Transit Systems ...........5
2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................5
2.1.1 Terrorism and Disasters against Pipelines, Tunnels,
Underground Rail, and Transit Systems ...............................6
2.2 Understanding the Basic Structure of Terror Organization ...............6
2.2.1 Basic Recruitment Operations ..............................................6
2.2.2 Terror Aspirant and Self-Radicalization ................................6
2.2.3 Terror Member .....................................................................7
2.2.4 Terror-Suicide Bomber..........................................................7
2.2.5 Technical Bomb and Improvised Explosive
Devices Developer ................................................................7
2.2.6 Terrorists Specializing in Chemical Threat ...........................7
2.2.7 Terrorists Specializing in Biological Threat ...........................8
2.2.8 Terrorists Specializing in Radiological and
Nuclear Weapons ..................................................................8
2.2.9 Terrorist Intelligence Information and
Reconnaissance Operation....................................................8
2.2.10 Terror Planner and Military Operation Planner ...................8
vii
viii ◾ Contents
2.3 Weapons of Mass Destruction ...........................................................8
2.4 Chemical Explosives ........................................................................10
2.4.1 Acetone Peroxide ................................................................11
2.4.2 Ammonium Nitrate ............................................................12
2.4.3 Ammonium Nitrate–Fuel Oil .............................................13
2.4.4 Cyclonite (RDX) ................................................................13
2.4.5 Dingu and Sorguyl .............................................................14
2.4.6 Hexamethylenetetramine Dinitrate ....................................14
2.4.7 Hexanitroazobenzene .........................................................14
2.4.8 Hexanitrodiphenylamine ....................................................15
2.4.9 Hexanitrohexaazalsowurtzitane ..........................................16
2.4.10 Lead Azide ..........................................................................18
2.4.11 Lead Styphnate ...................................................................19
2.4.12 Mercury(II) Fulminate .......................................................20
2.4.13 Nitrocellulose .....................................................................22
2.4.14 Nitroglycerin ......................................................................24
2.4.15 Octagen (HMX) ................................................................24
2.4.16 Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate ................................................24
2.4.17 Picric Acid ..........................................................................26
2.4.18 Plastic Explosives ................................................................26
2.4.19 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene ..........................................................28
2.5 Mechanical Components and Applications
of Chemical Explosives ...................................................................31
2.5.1 Alginates .............................................................................32
2.5.2 Aluminum Powder .............................................................32
2.5.3 Base Charge ........................................................................32
2.5.4 Blasting Caps ......................................................................32
2.5.5 Blasting Galvanometer .......................................................32
2.5.6 Blasting Machine ................................................................32
2.5.7 Blast Meters and Boosters ...................................................33
2.5.8 Bridgewire Detonator .........................................................33
2.5.9 Brisance ..............................................................................33
2.5.10 Deflagration ......................................................................34
2.5.11 Delay Time and Element ...................................................34
2.5.12 Detonation ........................................................................34
2.5.12.1 Shock Wave .......................................................34
2.5.12.2 Detonation Wave Theory ....................................36
2.5.12.3 Selective Detonation ...........................................37
2.5.12.4 Sympathetic Detonation .....................................37
2.5.12.5 Detonation Development Distance .....................38
2.5.13 Electroexplosive Device ......................................................38
2.5.14 Oxidizer and Oxygen Balance of Explosives .......................38