Risk Assessment and Indoor Air Quality PDF
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Risk Assessment and Indoor Air Quality Edited by Elizabeth L. Anderson and Roy E. Albert © 1999 by CRC Press LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Risk assessment and indoor air quality / edited by Elizabeth L. Anderson and Roy E. Albert. p. cm. -- (Indoor air research series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56670-323-9 (alk. paper) 1. Health risk assessment. 2. Indoor air pollution--Health aspects. 3. Ventilation--Health aspects. 4. Air quality-- Evaluation. 5. Environmental risk assessment. I. Anderson, Elizabeth L., Ph.D. II. Albert, Roy E. III. Series. RA566.27.R573 1998 613′.5--dc21 98-26281 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $.50 per page photo- copied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 1-56670-323-9/99/$0.00+$.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are only used for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. © 1999 by CRC Press LLC. Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 1-56670-323-9 Library of Congress Card Number 98-26281 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper © 1999 by CRC Press LLC Series Preface The field of indoor air science is of growing interest and concern given that modern society spends the better part of each day indoors. Since the indoor air environment is a major, continual exposure medium for occupants, it is important to study what is present and if and how it affects the health and comfort of occupants. Volumes in this Indoor Air Research Series are intended to provide state-of-the- art information on many areas germane to indoor air science including chemical and biological sources, exposure assessment, dosimetry, engineering controls, and per- ception of indoor air quality. In each volume, authors known for their expertise on the topic will present comprehensive and critical accounts of our current understand- ing in the area. It is hoped that the series will advance knowledge and broaden interest among the scientific community at large in the indoor air science field. Max Eisenberg, Ph.D. Series Editor © 1999 by CRC Press LLC Preface Indoor air pollution was rarely identified as an environmental concern prior to the early 1970s. Since that time, however, both real and perceived indoor air prob- lems have increased almost continuously. One reason is that buildings were tightened and air exchanges reduced to conserve energy. Another is that federal efforts began to control outdoor air pollutants, many of which also are indoor air pollutants. Finally, scientific techniques and methods began to be developed that provided better opportunities for quantifying the contaminants and their likely effects. One of the most important emerging tools is the science of risk assessment. This book was commissioned by the Center for Indoor Air Research as a state- of-the-art review of the science of risk assessment and its application in understand- ing and remediating indoor air quality concerns. While the science of risk assessment and its uses for indoor air quality are well characterized and in growing use, both topics are rapidly evolving due to scientific, regulatory, political, and public con- cerns. Thus, this book was written to characterize the subjects, but at the same time to provide the necessary reference resources for more in-depth, future investigation. At the same time, it was written for use by readers with a wide range of educational and professional qualifications. It is the hope of the authors that the book will serve as a useful reference tool for advances and innovative solutions in these fields. Elizabeth L. Anderson, Ph.D. Roy E. Albert, M.D. Editors © 1999 by CRC Press LLC Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Max Eisenberg and Dr. Lynn Kosak- Channing of the Center for Indoor Air Research for their support, insights, and patience during the preparation of this book. © 1999 by CRC Press LLC The Editors Elizabeth L. Anderson, Ph.D., is President and CEO of Sciences International, Inc. in Alexandria, Virginia and has over 20 years experience in risk assessment. At the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), she established and directed the central risk assessment program for ten years. She founded the Carcin- ogen Assessment Group and later was Director of the Office of Health and Envi- ronmental Assessment (OHEA) in the Office of Research and Development, with a staff of over 140 and an annual budget exceeding $14 million. The primary functions of OHEA were to provide leadership to establish EPA-wide guidelines for risk assessment, to conduct risk assessments on the health effects of toxic chemicals, and to oversee the risk assessment program for all of EPA’s regulatory programs. Since leaving EPA, Dr. Anderson has been engaged in managing governmental and private sector health and environmental consulting activities. She is an interna- tionally recognized expert and lecturer and has published numerous journal articles in the areas of risk assessment and carcinogenicity. She was the recipient of the EPA Gold Medal for Exceptional Service and the Distinguished Service Award from the Society for Risk Analysis. She is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the New York Academy of Sciences. Her professional activities relating to risk assessment include the following: Board of Scientific Counselors, Committee to Review the National Health and Envi- ronmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997. Peer Review Committee, Exploratory Research Program, Environmental Physics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997. Peer Review Committee, Exploratory Research Program, Environmental Chemistry, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997 (reappointed for 1998). Department of Defense Peer Review Committee, Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), 1997. Chaired Peer Review Committee, Risk assessment guidelines for combustion sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996. Peer Review Committee, Center for Risk Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996. External Advisory Board, Center for Risk Management of Engineering Systems, University of Virginia, 1987–present. Editorial Board for the journal Human and Ecological Risk Assessment; appointed 1994–present. New York Power Commission Advisory Panel to recommend research programs to evaluate risk associated with electric and magnetic fields, 1990. Risk Assessment Review Panel for the State of New Jersey; appointed 1988. Panel of experts evaluating risk analysis activities of four federal agencies, General Accounting Office, for House Committee on Science and Technology, February 1986. © 1999 by CRC Press LLC Charter Member, Society for Risk Analysis (member of steering committee to establish society, 1980); member of editorial board, Risk Analysis; elected council member, 1981; president, 1984–1985. Subcommittee on Risk Analysis, Health and Environmental Research Advisory Com- mittee, Department of Energy, 1985. EPA Representative to the National Cancer Advisory Board, 1982–1985. Interagency Risk Management Council, cabinet council committee; chairman, com- mittee to develop guidelines for assessing reproductive risk. International Program for Chemical Safety (IPCS) Committee Editorial Staff, princi- ples for evaluating health risks to progeny associated with exposure to chemicals during pregnancy, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1984. Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group, Work Group on Risk Assessment. (Work group published the article “Scientific Bases for Identification of Potential Carcinogens and Estimation of Risks,” JNCI 63:242, 1979); Chairman of the work group, 1980. Risk Analysis Liaison Committee, National Academy of Sciences/National Science Foundation (under P.L. 96–44). National Academy of Sciences/Food and Drug Administration, Advisory Committee on institutional means for assessment of risk to public health (under H.R. 7591). Roy E. Albert, M.D. specializes in research related to the quantitative aspects of chemical and radiation carcinogenesis. Dr. Albert has served as a consultant to various governmental and state committees, including: Surgeon’s General Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health; Air Pollution Advisory Committee (New York City Department of Health); Ad Hoc Committee on Environmental Health Research — Panel on Hazardous Trace Substances for the Office of Science and Technology, Executive Office of the President; Motor Vehicle Nitrogen Oxide Standard Commit- tee; and Committee on Water Treatment Chemicals for the National Research Council. Dr. Albert is currently Professor of Environmental Health and Chairman of the Department of Environmental Health and the Kettering Laboratory at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center. Dr. Albert was the principle author of EPA’s first carcinogen risk assessment guidelines and subsequently served for ten years as Chair- man of the Carcinogen Assessment Group at the Environmental Protection Agency. Dr. Albert received a Distinguished Contribution Award (Society for Risk Anal- ysis, 1984). His professional affiliations include: American Association for the Advancement of Science American Association for Cancer Research American College of Toxicology New York Academy of Sciences Radiation Research Society for Epidemiological Research Society for Occupational and Environmental Health © 1999 by CRC Press LLC Contributors Roy E. Albert, M.D. Robert M. Little Professor and Chairman Analyst Department of Environmental Health Sciences International, Inc. Kettering Laboratory (ML 56) Suite 500 University of Cincinnati Medical 1800 Diagonal Road Center Alexandria, VA 22314 3223 Eden Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056 Suresh H. Moolgavkar, M.D., Ph.D. Director, Moolgavkar Consulting Elizabeth L. Anderson, Ph.D. Group President and CEO Sciences International, Inc. Sciences International, Inc. 9005 NE 21st Place Suite 500 Bellevue, WA 98004 1800 Diagonal Road Alexandria, VA 22314 David R. Patrick, P.E. Vice President Nicholas J. Gudka. M.S. Sciences International, Inc. Program Manager Suite 500 Sciences International, Inc. 1800 Diagonal Road Suite 500 Alexandria, VA 22314 1800 Diagonal Road Alexandria, VA 22314 Steave H. Su, M.P.H. John J. Liccione, Ph.D. Senior Associate Project Manager Sciences International, Inc. Sciences International, Inc. Suite 500 Suite 500 1800 Diagonal Road 1800 Diagonal Road Alexandria, VA 22314 Alexandria, VA 22314 Lance A. Wallace 11568 Woodhollow Court Reston, VA 20191 Affiliated with: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 © 1999 by CRC Press LLC Table of Contents Series Preface Preface Chapter 1 Introduction to Risk Assessment Elizabeth L. Anderson and David R. Patrick Chapter 2 The Elements of Human Health Risk Assessment Elizabeth L. Anderson and David R. Patrick Chapter 3 Hazard Identification of Indoor Air Pollutants John J. Liccione Chapter 4 Dose-Response Assessment — Quantitative Methods for the Investigation of Dose–Response Relationships Suresh H. Moolgavkar Chapter 5 Exposure Characterization David R. Patrick Chapter 6 Risk Characterization Roy E. Albert Chapter 7 Characterization of Uncertainty Steave H. Su, Robert M. Little, and Nicholas J. Gudka Chapter 8 Measurement of Indoor Air Contaminants Lance A. Wallace Chapter 9 Application of Risk Assessment David R. Patrick Chapter 10 Future Directions in Risk Assessment David R. Patrick © 1999 by CRC Press LLC List of Tables 1.1 Indoor Air Pollutants, Sources, and Health Effects 3.1 Information Used in Hazard Identification 5.1 Subpopulations with Potentially Increased Responsiveness to Indoor Air Pollutants 7.1 Major Sources of Uncertainty in Risk Assessment 7.2 Scenario, Parameter, and Model Uncertainty (Type B Uncertainty) 8.1 Weighted Arithmetic Mean Overnight Personal Exposures (Indoor Air) Compared to Outdoor Air Concentrations: New Jersey, All Three Seasons (µg/m3) 8.2 Weighted Estimates of Air and Breath Concentrations of 19 Prevalent Compounds 9.1 Estimate of the Current Scientific Confidence in Information Important to the Particulate Matter NAAQS Decision © 1999 by CRC Press LLC
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