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Rising above Sweatshops: Innovative Approaches to Global Labor Challenges LAURA P. HARTMAN DENIS G. ARNOLD RICHARD E. WOKUTCH Editors PRAEGER Rising above Sweatshops Rising above Sweatshops Innovative Approaches to Global Labor Challenges EDITED BY LAURA P. HARTMAN, DENIS G. ARNOLD, AND RICHARD E. WOKUTCH Forewords by Ken Block, Frank Vogl, and Norman E. Bowie Researchfundedthroughagrantfromthe EthicsResourceCenterFellowsProgram LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData RisingaboveSweatshops:innovativeapproachestogloballaborchallenges /editedbyLauraP.Hartman,DenisG.Arnold,andRichardE.Wokutch;forewordsby KenBlock,FrankVogl,andNormanE.Bowie. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN1–56720–618–2(alk.paper) 1.Internationalbusinessenterprises—Personnelmanagement.2.Internationalbusiness enterprises—Developingcountries—Moralandethicalaspects.3.Employeerights— Developingcountries.4.Socialresponsibilityofbusiness—Developingcountries.5. Sweatshops—Developingcountries.6.Globalization.I.Hartman,LauraPincus.II.Arnold, DenisGordon.III.Wokutch,RichardE. HF5549.5.E45R57 2003 658.3(cid:1)009172(cid:1)4—dc21 2003052901 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataisavailable. Copyright(cid:2)2003byLauraP.Hartman,DenisG.Arnold,andRichardE.Wokutch Allrightsreserved.Noportionofthisbookmaybe reproduced,byanyprocessortechnique,withoutthe expresswrittenconsentofthepublisher. LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:2003052901 ISBN:1–56720–618–2 Firstpublishedin2003 PraegerPublishers,88PostRoadWest,Westport,CT06881 AnimprintofGreenwoodPublishingGroup,Inc. www.praeger.com PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Thepaperusedinthisbookcomplieswiththe PermanentPaperStandardissuedbytheNational InformationStandardsOrganization(Z39.48–1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Totheworkerswhosedailylaborsgroundthesupplychain;tothe morallyinnovativemanagerswhoarehelpingtocreate workplacesinwhichworkersarebothproductiveandtreatedwith dignity;tothenongovernmentalorganizationswhostriveto ensureajustworkplaceforall;andtothegovernmentofficials whostrivetoprotectalloftheseefforts. Contents Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi ForewordbyKenBlock xiii ForewordbyFrankVogl xvii ForewordbyNormanE.Bowie xxi 1 RisingaboveSweatshops:AnIntroductiontotheTextand totheIssues 1 LauraP.Hartman,DenisG.Arnold,andSandraWaddock I. PerspectivesonGlobalLaborPracticesandChallenges 25 2 TheGlobalContext:MultinationalEnterprises,Labor Standards,andRegulation 27 JillMurray 3 TheEconomicContext:GroundingDiscussionsofEconomic ChangeandLaborinDevelopingCountries 49 JonathanD.London 4 PhilosophicalFoundations:MoralReasoning,Human Rights,andGlobalLaborPractices 77 DenisG.Arnold 5 PhilosophyAppliedI:HowNongovernmental OrganizationsandMultinationalEnterprisesCanWork TogethertoProtectGlobalLaborRights 101 MichaelA.Santoro viii Contents 6 PhilosophyAppliedII:TotalResponsibilityManagement 119 SandraWaddockandCharlesBodwell II. ProgramStudiesofInnovationintheManagementof GlobalLaborChallenges 143 7 Nike,Inc.:CorporateSocialResponsibilityandWorkplace StandardInitiativesinVietnam 145 LauraP.HartmanandRichardE.Wokutch 8 adidas-Salomon:ChildLaborandHealthandSafety InitiativesinVietnamandBrazil 191 LauraP.Hartman,RichardE.Wokutch,andJ.LawrenceFrench 9 LeviStrauss&Co.:ImplementationofGlobalSourcingand OperatingGuidelinesinLatinAmerica 249 TaraJ.Radin 10 DowChemicalCompany:ResponsibleCareProgramin Thailand 293 RichardE.Wokutch 11 Pro-ChildInstitute:CombatingChildLaborthrough CollaborativePartnershipsintheBrazilianShoeIndustry 321 J.LawrenceFrenchandRichardE.Wokutch 12 InternationalLabourOrganization:FactoryImprovement Programme 343 IvankaMamicandCharlesBodwell 13 ChiquitaBrandsInternational,Inc.:Values-Based ManagementandCorporateResponsibilityinLatin America 353 TaraJ.Radin AdditionalReadings 385 Index 403 AbouttheContributors 411 Illustrations FIGURES 4.1 TypesofPoverty 80 6.1 TotalResponsibilityManagementSystem 123 6.2 IntegratedModelofTotalResponsibilityManagement(TRM) 129 6.3 Values-BasedManagementPracticesinSystemsApproaches toManaging 132 6.4 AreasinWhichIntegrationResponsibilityIsIntegratedinto Stakeholder-RelatedPractices 133 6.5 MultipleBottomLinePerformanceIndicators 136 7.1 StepsintheTrustBankCycle 157 8.1 GlobalStandardsofEngagementTeamStructure 196 8.2aTypicalIssuesRaisedbyAuditorsintheVariousCountries andRegions:Asia 197 8.2bTypicalIssuesRaisedbyAuditorsintheVariousCountries andRegions:EuropeandtheAmericas 198 8.3 TheCycleofSoE 203 8.4 StandardsofEngagementSupplierScoringSystem 204 8.5 NumberofFactoriesRatedbyadidasSupplierScoring System,byRegion 205 9.1 TheLS&COWay 257

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Workers have basic rights that should not be violated, notwithstanding the geographical locale of their work. But those rights often appear to conflict with the economic and commercial needs of both developing nations and multinational enterprises. Creative approaches are necessary if workers' right
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439 Pages·2003·2.88 MB·English
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Rising above Sweatshops: Innovative Approaches to Global Labor Challenges LAURA P. HARTMAN DENIS G. ARNOLD RICHARD E. WOKUTCH Editors PRAEGER Rising above Sweatshops Rising above Sweatshops Innovative Approaches to Global Labor Challenges EDITED BY LAURA P. HARTMAN, DENIS G. ARNOLD, AND RICHARD E. WOKUTCH Forewords by Ken Block, Frank Vogl, and Norman E. Bowie Researchfundedthroughagrantfromthe EthicsResourceCenterFellowsProgram LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData RisingaboveSweatshops:innovativeapproachestogloballaborchallenges /editedbyLauraP.Hartman,DenisG.Arnold,andRichardE.Wokutch;forewordsby KenBlock,FrankVogl,andNormanE.Bowie. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN1–56720–618–2(alk.paper) 1.Internationalbusinessenterprises—Personnelmanagement.2.Internationalbusiness enterprises—Developingcountries—Moralandethicalaspects.3.Employeerights— Developingcountries.4.Socialresponsibilityofbusiness—Developingcountries.5. Sweatshops—Developingcountries.6.Globalization.I.Hartman,LauraPincus.II.Arnold, DenisGordon.III.Wokutch,RichardE. HF5549.5.E45R57 2003 658.3(cid:1)009172(cid:1)4—dc21 2003052901 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataisavailable. Copyright(cid:2)2003byLauraP.Hartman,DenisG.Arnold,andRichardE.Wokutch Allrightsreserved.Noportionofthisbookmaybe reproduced,byanyprocessortechnique,withoutthe expresswrittenconsentofthepublisher. LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:2003052901 ISBN:1–56720–618–2 Firstpublishedin2003 PraegerPublishers,88PostRoadWest,Westport,CT06881 AnimprintofGreenwoodPublishingGroup,Inc. www.praeger.com PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Thepaperusedinthisbookcomplieswiththe PermanentPaperStandardissuedbytheNational InformationStandardsOrganization(Z39.48–1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Totheworkerswhosedailylaborsgroundthesupplychain;tothe morallyinnovativemanagerswhoarehelpingtocreate workplacesinwhichworkersarebothproductiveandtreatedwith dignity;tothenongovernmentalorganizationswhostriveto ensureajustworkplaceforall;andtothegovernmentofficials whostrivetoprotectalloftheseefforts. Contents Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi ForewordbyKenBlock xiii ForewordbyFrankVogl xvii ForewordbyNormanE.Bowie xxi 1 RisingaboveSweatshops:AnIntroductiontotheTextand totheIssues 1 LauraP.Hartman,DenisG.Arnold,andSandraWaddock I. PerspectivesonGlobalLaborPracticesandChallenges 25 2 TheGlobalContext:MultinationalEnterprises,Labor Standards,andRegulation 27 JillMurray 3 TheEconomicContext:GroundingDiscussionsofEconomic ChangeandLaborinDevelopingCountries 49 JonathanD.London 4 PhilosophicalFoundations:MoralReasoning,Human Rights,andGlobalLaborPractices 77 DenisG.Arnold 5 PhilosophyAppliedI:HowNongovernmental OrganizationsandMultinationalEnterprisesCanWork TogethertoProtectGlobalLaborRights 101 MichaelA.Santoro viii Contents 6 PhilosophyAppliedII:TotalResponsibilityManagement 119 SandraWaddockandCharlesBodwell II. ProgramStudiesofInnovationintheManagementof GlobalLaborChallenges 143 7 Nike,Inc.:CorporateSocialResponsibilityandWorkplace StandardInitiativesinVietnam 145 LauraP.HartmanandRichardE.Wokutch 8 adidas-Salomon:ChildLaborandHealthandSafety InitiativesinVietnamandBrazil 191 LauraP.Hartman,RichardE.Wokutch,andJ.LawrenceFrench 9 LeviStrauss&Co.:ImplementationofGlobalSourcingand OperatingGuidelinesinLatinAmerica 249 TaraJ.Radin 10 DowChemicalCompany:ResponsibleCareProgramin Thailand 293 RichardE.Wokutch 11 Pro-ChildInstitute:CombatingChildLaborthrough CollaborativePartnershipsintheBrazilianShoeIndustry 321 J.LawrenceFrenchandRichardE.Wokutch 12 InternationalLabourOrganization:FactoryImprovement Programme 343 IvankaMamicandCharlesBodwell 13 ChiquitaBrandsInternational,Inc.:Values-Based ManagementandCorporateResponsibilityinLatin America 353 TaraJ.Radin AdditionalReadings 385 Index 403 AbouttheContributors 411 Illustrations FIGURES 4.1 TypesofPoverty 80 6.1 TotalResponsibilityManagementSystem 123 6.2 IntegratedModelofTotalResponsibilityManagement(TRM) 129 6.3 Values-BasedManagementPracticesinSystemsApproaches toManaging 132 6.4 AreasinWhichIntegrationResponsibilityIsIntegratedinto Stakeholder-RelatedPractices 133 6.5 MultipleBottomLinePerformanceIndicators 136 7.1 StepsintheTrustBankCycle 157 8.1 GlobalStandardsofEngagementTeamStructure 196 8.2aTypicalIssuesRaisedbyAuditorsintheVariousCountries andRegions:Asia 197 8.2bTypicalIssuesRaisedbyAuditorsintheVariousCountries andRegions:EuropeandtheAmericas 198 8.3 TheCycleofSoE 203 8.4 StandardsofEngagementSupplierScoringSystem 204 8.5 NumberofFactoriesRatedbyadidasSupplierScoring System,byRegion 205 9.1 TheLS&COWay 257

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Workers have basic rights that should not be violated, notwithstanding the geographical locale of their work. But those rights often appear to conflict with the economic and commercial needs of both developing nations and multinational enterprises. Creative approaches are necessary if workers' right
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