Rights beyond Borders: The Global Community and the Struggle over Human Rights in China PDF
Preview Rights beyond Borders: The Global Community and the Struggle over Human Rights in China
RIGHTS BEYOND BORDERS This page intentionally left blank Rights beyond Borders The Global Community and the Struggle over Human Rights in China ROSEMARY FOOT OXPORD UNIVERSITY PRESS This book has been printed digitally and produced in a standard specification in order to ensure its continuing availability OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sao Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto with an associated company in Berlin Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Rosemary Foot 2000 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) Reprinted 2002 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer ISBN 0-19-829775-0 ISBN 0-19-829776-9 (pbk) Jacket illustration: Tiananmen Anniversary. Photograph taken by Anat Givon © Associated Press Dick, Gail, and Tim Acknowledgements Writing a book is both a lonely and a collegial process. Those many soli- tary hours at the computer terminal are balanced by interaction with many inspiring individuals who are generous enough to share their time and their thoughts, as well as to stand ready to ask the tough questions that are sometimes too difficult to face or formulate when working alone. There are many whom I would like to thank in this regard. Elena Jurado proved to be invaluable as a research assistant. Her scholarly contribu- tions and enthusiasm for the project made an enormous difference to its rate of progress. Red Chan kindly helped with the translation of some Chinese materials into English. During my stay at Princeton University, among the graduate students, Phillip C. Saunders and Erica Strecker Downs engaged in an exchange of ideas and relevant research papers. The following either answered my questions, discussed the issues, provided materials, or offered important perspectives: Philippe Van Amersfoort, Philip Baker, George Black, Helen Brooks, Karen B. Brooks, Gregory Chow, Steve Coffee, Danielle Dilley, Adele Dion, John Everard, Richard Falk, Karen Fierke, Per Fischer, Jerry Fowler, Bennett Freeman, Charles Goddard, Guy Goodwin-Gill, Jonathan Hecht, Lord Howe of Aberavon, Jude Howell, Mike Jendrzejczyk, Sidney Jones, Stephanie Kleine- Ahlbrandt, Arlette Laduguie, Beatrice Larouche, Woo Lee, Kerstin Leitner, Tom Malinowski, David Malone, Susan O'Sullivan, Minxin Pei, Nigel Rodley, Tony Saich, Susan Shirk, Markus Schmidt, Sun Shuyun, Jeff Taylor, Caroline Wilson, Sophia Woodman, Rod Wye, and Phoebe Yang. I am grateful to them all. Numerous colleagues and friends in China were also of great help, but I have chosen not to name them. Marc Williams of the University of New South Wales provided valu- able comments on two of the chapters, and a period of respite (together with an opportunity to see Sydney's incomparable millennium firework display) during the last stages of writing. Colleagues and friends at Oxford University have also been generous in discussing aspects of the study at various crucial turning points. Dominic Byatt at Oxford University Press was particularly encouraging when I took the proposal to him, Amanda Watkins efficiently guided the manuscript through the editorial process, and Hilary Walford proved to be keen-eyed and conscientious as a copy editor. Avi Shlaim offered some of his worldly wisdom, which Acknowledgements vii helped me to take some important decisions at an early stage of the project. Ngaire Woods has made suggestions and points that have set me off on new periods of reflection. Karma Nabulsi has played a similar role, and made several useful comments on an extended outline of the argu- ment, one of which proved to be absolutely central to the shaping of the research. Various anonymous reviewers for the Press also commented on this outline argument, offering important perspectives that I might other- wise have overlooked. Adam Roberts made several incisive comments on a central chapter and Tim Kennedy helped to clarify the argument and make it more accessible. Andrew Hurrell is deserving of especial thanks for taking time out of his own busy schedule to cast his sharp eye over the entire manuscript. All those familiar with Andrew and his work will realize how beneficial that has been, although I must remain responsible for all errors and lapses of judgement. Funding for this project has come from two main sources: the British Academy, which enabled me to make a research trip to China in the late summer of 1999; and the remainder from Oxford University, via the Social Studies Faculty board, and the Cyril Foster and Related Funds. I am grateful to both institutions for their financial support. I have dedicated this book to Dick and Gail Ullman and Tim Kennedy, all three of whom helped to make the three months spent at the Center of International Studies, Princeton University, in 1997 an exceptionally productive period. I warmly thank the Center, and its Director, Professor Michael Doyle, for inviting me to take part in its Visiting Fellowship programme. To Dick, Gail, and Tim I would like to offer my profound gratitude for providing the warmth of friendship and emotional support so helpful in pushing this project forward. Rosemary Foot Oxford, January 2000 This page intentionally left blank Contents Abbreviations X 1. Introduction 1 PART ONE: THE SETTING 27 2. The Evolution of the Global Human Rights Regime 29 3. The Global Consequences of China's Economic Reforms 60 PART TWO: THE PROCESS 81 4. The Generating of Attention, 1976-1989 83 5. Tiananmen and its Aftermath, June 1989-November 1991 113 6. The Shift to Multilateral Venues, 1992-1995 150 7. From Public Exposure to Private Dialogue, 1995-1998 190 8. Betting on the Long Term, 1998-1999 224 9. Conclusion: Rights beyond Borders? 251 Bibliography 274 Index 291
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