Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry. Part 1

679 Pages·2019·114.55 MB·English

by  Kent J.A. (Ed.)

Riegel's
Handbook of
Industrial Chemistry
NINTH EDITION
Riegel' s
Handbook of
Industrial Chemistry
NINTH EDITION
Edited by
James A. Kent, Ph.D.
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Copyright CI 1992 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
OriginaIly publisbed byVan Nostrand Reinhold, New YorkNY in 1992
Softcover reprint of tbe hardcover 9th edition 1992
ISBN 978-1-4757-6433-8 ISBN 978-1-4757-6431-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-6431-4
AlI rights reserved. No part ofthis book covered by 1ho copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic,
Of mechanica1, including phatocopying, recording, taping. or infOJDllltion sIorage aud retri~a1 systems-without 1ho wriUen pennission ofthe
publisher.
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 XXX OI 00 99 98 97 96
Library of Co11p"e88 Catalollnc-Jn-PuIilicat1on Data
Riegel, Emil Raymond, 1882-1963.
[Handbook of industrial chemisUyJ
Riegel's Handbook of industrial chemisay.-9th ed./ edited by lames A Kent.
p. QII\.
Includes bibliographica1 references aud index.
1. ChemisIIy, Tec1mica1. 1. Kent,james Albert, 1922- . IL Title. m. Titlo: Handbook ofi ndustrial chemislly.
TP14S.RS4 1992 92-22660
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To my Wife
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Contents
Preface ix
Chapter 1 Economic Aspects of the Chemical Industry 1
Chapter 2 Pollution Prevention and Waste Minimization 15
Chapter 3 Industrial Wastewater and Hazardous Materials Treatment Technology 31
Chapter 4 Applied Statistical Methods and the Chemical Industry 83
Chapter 5 Safety Considerations in the Chemical Process Industries 118
Chapter 6 Managing an Emergency Preparedness Program 176
Chapter 7 W ood and W ood Products 207
Chapter 8 Animal and Vegetable Fats, Oils and Waxes 273
Chapter 9 Sugar and Other Sweeteners 315
Chapter 10 Phosphorus and Phosphates 347
Chapter 11 F ertilizers 367
Chapter 12 Salt, Chlor-Alkali, and Related Heavy Chemicals 408
Chapter 13 Industrial Gases 442
Chapter 14 Sulfur and Sulfuric Acid 458
Chapter 15 Petroleum and Its Products 480
Chapter 16 Natural Gas 510
Chapter 17 Coal Technology 527
Chapter 18 Rubber 598
Chapter 19 Synthetic Resins and Plastics 623
Chapter 20 The Chemistry of Structural Adhesives 708
Chapter 21 Manufactured Textile Fibers 735
Chapter 22 Synthetic Organic Chemicals 800
Chapter 23 Dye Application, Manufacture of Dye Intermediates and Dyes 863
Chapter 24 Industrial Fermentation: Principles, Processes, and Products 916
Chapter 25 The Pharmaceutical Industry 987
Chapter 26 Soap, Fatty Acids, and Synthetic Detergents 1012
Chapter 27 Pigments, Paints, Polymer Coatings, Varnishes, Lacquers, and Printing 1050
Inks
Chapter 28 Synthetic Nitrogen Products 1068
Chapter 29 The Agrochemical Industry 1141
Chapter 30 Chemi cal Explosives and Rocket Propellants 1186
Chapter 31 The Nuclear Industry 1226
Index 1277
vii
Preface
The aim of this book is to present in a single volume an
up-to-date account of the chemistry and chemical
engineering which underlie the major areas of the
chemical process industry. This most recent edition
inc1udes severa! new chapters which comprise important
threads in the industry's total fabric. These new chapters
cover waste minimization, safety considerations in
chemical plant design and operation, emergency response
planning, and statistical applications in quality control
and experimental planning. Together with the chapters on
chemical industry economics and wastewater treatment,
they provide a unifying base on which the reader can
most effectively apply the information provided in the
chapters which describe the various areas of the chemical
process industries.
The ninth edition of this established reference work
contains the contributions of some fifty experts from
industry, government, and academe. 1 have been humbled
by the breadth and depth oftheir knowledge and expertise
and by the willingness and enthusiasm with which
they shared their knowledge and insights. They have,
without exception, been unstinting in their efforts to make
their respective chapters as complete and informative as
possible within the space available. Errors of omission,
duplication, and shortcomings in organization are mine.
Grateful acknowledgment is made to the editors of
technical journals and publishing houses for permission
to reproduce illustrations and other materials and to the
many industrial concerns which contributed drawings
and photographs.
Comments and criticisms by readers will be welcome.
James A. Kent
Stevensville, Maryland
ix
1
Economic Aspects of the
Chemical Industry
F. E. Bailey, Jr.* and J. V. Koleske**
Within the formal departments of science at of " chemical economics"; and it is this subject,
the traditional university, chemistry has grown the economics of the chemi cal industry, that
to have a unique status because of its close is the concern of this chapter.
correspondence with an industry and a branch
of engineering-the chemical industry and
DEFINITION OF THE CHEMICAL
chemi cal engineering. There is no biology
INDUSTRY
industry, but drugs, pharmaceuticals, and
agriculture are closely related disciplines. Early in the twentieth century, the chemical
There is no physics industry although power industry was considered to have two parts: the
generation, electricity, and electronics indus manufacture of in organic chemicals and the
tries do exist. But connected with chemistry, manufacture of organic chemicals. Today,
there is an industry. This unusual corre the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC
spondence probably carne about because in Index) of the United States Bureau of
chemistry one makes things from basic raw the Census defines "Chemical and Allied
materials-chemicals-and the science and Products" as comprising three general classes
the use of chemi cais more or less grew up ofproducts: "( 1) bas ic chemicals such as acids,
together during the past century. alkalis, salts, and organic chemicals; (2)
Since there is a chemical industry, which chemicals to be used in further manufacture
serves a major part of aH industrialized such as synthetic fibers, plastics materials, dry
economies, providing in the end synthetic colors, and pigments; and (3) finished chemical
drugs, fertilizers, clothing, building materials, products to be used for ultimate consumer
paints, elastomers, etc., there is also the subject consumption as architectural paints, drugs,
cosmetics, and soaps or to be used as materials
or supplies in other industries such as
industrial paints, adhesives, fertilizers, and
*Deceased.
explosives. An even broader description
**Consultant, 1513 Brentwood Rd., Charleston, WV "1
25314. that is often considered is that of the "chemical
1
2 RIEGEL'S HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
process industries," major segments of which manufacturing sector, have contributed to a
include: chemical and allied products and shortage of technicalIy trained chemists and
petrochemicals; pulp and paper; petroleum engineers entering the work force. This
refining; rubber and plastics; and stone, clay, shortage is expected to become severe in the
and glass products. latter part of the 1990s.
Another factor in the overall economy that
must be considered is that the GNP represents
THE PLACE OF THE CHEMICAL a "volume" of goods and services measured
INDUSTRY IN THE ECONOMY
in value or "doHars." This "dollar volume"
Because the chemical industry is a major is very sensitive to inflation (or deflation). To
sector of any advanced national economy, a remove this sensitivity for forecasting purposes,
forecast of trends in the chemical industry GNP is expressed in "constant dolIars,"
must falI within certain general guidelines that dollars "deflated" by the annual inflation rate
are established by the national economy. A to some base year such as 1982.
forecast for the chemi cal industry in the Against this brief discussion of the general
United States must be within the general demographic, societal, and economic factors
boundaries set for the overall social and that govern forecasting, Table 1.1 gives a
economic forecasts for the country. general picture of the economy of the United
It has been clear for many years that certain States in terms of the GNP and chemical
demographic and societal issues would have industry production.
a dominant effect on the U.S. economy of the The forecast for the early part of the 1990s,
1990s. It was evident, for example, that from which is subject to aH the uncertainties and
the late 1980s through the year 2000 there unpredictabilities of social and international
would be a decline in the growth of the events, is for steady growth of the U.S.
work force in the United States. There is a chemical industry, but growth at a rate lower
direct relation between the growth of the than that experienced in the mid-1980s and
work force and the growth of the G NP (Gross moderated by an ave rage annual inflation rate
National Product, the sum of alI goods and of about 5 percent per year. This forecast
services produced in a year); the decline in includes a gradual increase in the price of
the growth of the work force in this period imported oiI and petroleum products during
was determined by the number of women in the early 1990s compared with lower imported
the usual child-bearing age group (18 to 35) oiI costs in the late 1980s. Changes such as
and by family-size decisions made in the that caused by the 1990-91 Persian Gulf crisis
1960s. Therefore, this factor was set and have not been considered although such
calcula bIe from census data obtained 20 years events certainly can have a profound effect on
earlier. prices. At present the price of oiI appears to
A predicted decline in the growth of the be fairly stable, at least for the short term.
GNP due to a declining work force can be This forecast is presented to highlight the
offset if worker productivity increases or if the sensitivity and the place of the chemical
age of retirement from the work force is industry in the national economy. The im
extended beyond the usual retirement age of portance ofthe cost ofimported raw materials
65. In the United States during the 1980s, such as petroleum products in both the
there was little overall increase in worker economy and the forecast highlights two
productivity; and, in many industries, there important concerns. One is that the chemical
was a move toward retirement before age 65. industry is worldwide and interconnected; not
In many industries, the ave rage age of only does the United States both import and
retirement moved toward 60 from the long export a wide variety of raw materials and
accepted norm of 65. These trends, as well as chemical products, but major United States
a marked growth in the service sector of the based chemical companies have manufacturing
economy as opposed to such growth in the and sales facilities abroad, and a large number
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY 3
TABLE 1.1 U.S. Economy and the Chemical Industry2
United States GNP
Percent Change in Chemicals
(Current doI/ars, ( 1982 doI/ars, and A/lied Products
Year bi/lions) billions) Annual Production Index
1987 4500 3800 6.1
1988 4900 4000 8.5
1989 5200 4100 4.9
1990
(estimate) 5500 4200 2.4
1995
(forecast) 8000 4700 2.8*
*Annual average for 1990-95.
offoreign-based companies have manufactur of trade has been negative, the chemical
ing and sales facilities in the United States. industry has been one of the truly strong
The other is that the United States economy sectors in the U.S. economy; see Table 1.2. If
is dependent on the balance of trade, the the total world export market for chemicals
difference between the dollar value of exports is considered, that is, the sum of all of the
and that of imports. A negative trade balance chemicals exported by all the world's national
means that dollars spent abroad to import economies, the U.S. chemical industry held
goods and services exceed the value of goods about a 15 percent market share during the
and services exported, a circumstance that decade of 1979 to 1989.
effectively increases the cost of goods and Major segments in the U.S. chemical trade
services purchased in the United States-a balance in 1989 were:
net inftationary effect. To a large extent during
Organic chemicals-+ $3.6 billion
the 1980s, this potentially inftationary effect
Plastics materials-+ $4.6 billion
was offset by foreign investment in the United
Pharmaceuticals-+ $1.6 billion
States; however, this offsetting of a negative
trade balance by investment cannot be The less favorable overall trade balance of
depended on to continue through the 1990s. the United States was due principally to
At some point, foreign investors will demand imports ofmanufactured goods and petroleum
a retum on their investment, in effect an products; see Table 1.3.
export of dollars, with an inftationary result To support the U.S. chemical economy in
on the domestic economy. 1989, there was a work force of more than
In foreign trade, the performance of the one million, 600,000 of whom were occupied
chemical industry of the United States has in chemical production. The largest single
been outstanding. While the overall balance sector of this work force, about 20 percent,
TABLE 1.2 U.S. Balance of Trade
Total Trade Balance Chemical Trade
(billions of doI/ars) (bi/lions of doI/ars)
Year Export Import Balance Export Import Balance
1979 181 206 -25 17 7 +10
1987 253 406 -153 26 16 +10
1989 364 473 -109 36 20 +16
1990 394 495 -101 39 22 +17