RICE IN ANDHRA PRADESH - Rice Knowledge Management Portal

36 Pages·2011·1.29 MB·English

RICE IN ANDHRA PRADESH

Status Paper on Rice in Andhra Pradesh

Dr. C. Cheralu
Principal Scientist (Rice Breeding)
Regional Agricultural Research Station,
ANGR Agricultural University,
Warangal 506 007, AP, India

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Introduction
Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest state in India accounting for 9 and 8 per cent of the country’s area
and population, respectively. The state has agriculturally prosperous area in the coastal districts (9 districts),
an economically and socially backward area in Telangana (10 districts), a drought prone area in Rayalaseema
(4 districts) and a fairly extended tribal belt, along the Northern and North-Eastern regions. Andhra Pradesh
has three major river basins (Krishna, Godavari and Pennar) and five other smaller ones drains in to the Bay
of Bengal. The state has 972 km long coastal line, generally even, along its eastern border, abutting the Bay
of Bengal.
Rice is the Principal food crop cultivated throughout the state providing food for its growing
population, fodder to the cattle and employment to the rural masses. Any decline in its hectarage and
production will have a perceivable impact on the state’s economy and food security. In A.P rice is mostly
cultivated under irrigated eco-system under canals (52%), tube wells (19.31) tanks (16.2%), other wells (8.8%)
and other sources (3.7%).
III. Zonal information
a. Climate
By virtue of its location and climate, Andhra Pradesh represents a transition from tropical to sub
tropical zone of the country. The climate is predominantly semi arid to arid, except for the coastal region on
the east coast which has humid to sub humid climate. Hot weather (summer) prevails from March to May,
South West mansoon June to September, North east mansoon-October to December and winter December
to February. Temperature ranges from 8oC to 46oC .
b. Soil type/Nutrient management
Andhra Pradesh is endowed with a wide variety of soils, ranging from less fertile coastal sands to
highly fertile and productive deltaic alluvia (enti soils/verti sols) of the Godavari, Krishna and Pennar rivers
and the red (alfisol) and black (verti sols) soils, developed from different parent materials. The six major soil
groups present in the state are red soils (Alfi sols 65%), black soils (verti sols 25%), alluvial soils (Entisols and
verti sols 5%) Coastal sands (Enti sols 3%), laterite and lataitic soils (Oxisols) and problem soils (Alfi sols &
Incepti sols 1%) including saline, saline alkali and non saline-alkali soils.
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c. Rainfall and its distribution pattern
Rainfall of Andhra Pradesh is influenced by both South West and North-East mansoons. The average
rainfall of the state is 925 mm, varying from about 520 mm in Anantapur district to 1160 mm in Vizianagaram
and East Godavari districts. In some years, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, East Godavari, Adilabad and Khammam
districts have recorded 1400 to 1500 mm rainfall.
The distribution of annual rainfall in the state as a whole is about 69% during South West monsoon,
22% during North-East mansoon and 9% during winter and hot weather months.
d. Agro climatic zones
Andhra Pradesh state has been divided into 9 Agro-climatic zones based on the amount and
distribution of rainfall pattern.
1. North Coastal Zone: Consists of most parts of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam districts
with regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Anakapalli as regional centre. This zone receives
1000-1100mm rainfall and possesses 12.6% of rice area..
2. Godavari Zone: Comprising East and West Godavari districts with regional Agricultural Research
Station (RARS), Maruteru as regional centre. Annual rainfall varies from 800-1100 mm and has 46.5%
of rice area of the state..
3. Krishna Zone : Consists of Krishna, Guntur, Parts of Prakasham, Krammam and Nalgonda with Regional
Agricultural Research Station, (RARS), Lam as regional centre. Important soil groups are deltaic
Alluvium, red soils with clay base, black cotton soils, red loamy coastal sands and saline soils.
4. Northern Telangana Zone: Comprising Adilabad, Nizamabad and Karimnagar with Regional Agricultural
Research Station, (RARS), Jagtial as regional centre. Rain fall varies from 900-1150 mm and rice
occupies 16% of rice area of the state.
5. Central Telangana Zone: Consisting of Warangal, Medak and Khammam with Regional Agricultural
Research Station (RARS), Warangal as regional centre.
6. Southern Telangana Zone: Comprising the districts of Hyderabad Rangareddy, Mahboobnagar,
Nalgonda with Regional Agricultural Research Station, (RARS) at Palem as regional centre. This zone
receives 700-900 mm rain fall and has 9.3% of rice area of the state.
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7. Southern Zone: Includes the districts of Nellore, Chittoor Cadapah with Regional Agricultural Research
(RARS), at Tirupathi as regional centre. Annual rainfall varies from
700-1000 mm and has about 12.6% of rice area of the state.
8. Scarce rainfall zone: Consisting of the districts of Kurnool, Anantapur, Prakasham parts of Cudapah
and Mahboobnagar with Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS) at Nandyal as Regional Centre
. This zone has 3.8% of rice area. The average annual rainfall ranges from 500-700mm.
9. High Altitude and Tribal area zone: Covering areas lying along the Srikakulam, Vizianagaram,
Visakhapatnam, East Godavari and Khammam district with Regional Agricultural Research Station,
Chintapalli as Regional centre. This zone receives high rainfall of over 1400 mm.
e) Rice and cultural heritage in the state :
Rice has a great cultural heritage . Many preparations viz., payasam,paravannam, ondrallu, arshalu,
laddulu etc., are prepared and offered to the God at the time of worshipping. Rice is one among
Navadhanyalu at the time of construction of houses (Bhoomipooja) and navagraha pooja.Rice is used
as THALAMBRALU and AKSHANTHALU while mixing in turmeric powder and also used as
VADIBIYYAM.Rice flakes (palalu) are used at the time of taking the deadbody to graveyard. Basumathi
rice is a geographical indicator .
IV. Rice production Scenario
• Area: Area under rice mostly depends on the mansoon pattern and availability of water in reservoirs.
Area under rice was high during 2008-09 (43.87 l.ha) and lowest is in 2002-03 (28.22 l.ha) Table-1.
There is no scope for increasing area under rice and rice area is replaced by some profitable dry crops
due to in sufficient water. Rice is grown in 28% of gross cropped area and 50% of area under food
crops round the year in all the districts. Though there is a rise and fall of area and production of rice
based on water availability, but there is a constant increase in productivity. In the context of food
security such decline in area and production is not good to meet the future rice requirement. In the
coastal districts the area under rice is declining because of aquaculture activities.
• Production: Rice production depends up on the seasonal conditions prevailing during that particular
year. Sofar highest production was realized (140.10 l.t) during 2008-09 and lowest (73.29 l.t) during
2002-03. In the basal production, contribution of superfine varieties is 62% followed by 25% of fine
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varieties and the rest from common varieties. It is expected that about 20 lakh tones of fine rice
would be exported from the state. More rice is produced in East Godavari (17.01 l.t), West Godavari
(16.71 l.t), Krishna (11.42 l.t), Karimnagar (10.87 l.t), Guntur (10.27 l.t) and lowest in Ranga Reddy
(1.04).
• Productivity, Ecosystem wise : In A.P rice productivity is 3333 kg/ha compared to 2001 kg/ha (India)
and 4112 kg/ha (world). Rice productivity is highest in Nellore district (4473kg/ha) followed by East
Godavari (4028 kg/ha), West Godavari (3928 kg/ha) and lowest in Vishakhapatnam (2075 kg/ha). The
crop is grown in three ecosystems viz., irrigated ecosystem (50.6%), rainfed low land (43.8%) and
rainfed uplands (5.6%) . In A.P realized yields are above state average in 9 districts i.e., Nellore (4473
kg/ha), East Godavari (4028 kg/ha), West Godavari (3928 kg/ha), Prakasham (3779 kg/ha),
Nizamabad (3629 kg/ha), Nalgonda (3555 kg/ha), Adilabad (3878 kg/ha), Guntur (3468 kg/ha),
Khammam (3376 kg/ha) and in 13 districts yields are less than the state average and lowest in
Vishakhapatnam district (2075 kg/ha).
• Yield gap and its reasons: Most of the varieties already released and recommended are capable of
yielding 4.0 to 5.0 t/ha of rice under field conditions against the average yield of 3.43 t/ha being
achieved by the state. Thus, there still exists an yield gap of 0.5 to 1.5 t/ha even with the available
varieties and technologies.
To achieve the yield potential already created, farmers have to necessarily adopt recommended
package in totality. Farmers are adopting the improved variety and a part of the package not giving adequate
attention to the remaining component particularly the correction of soil problems, nutritional disorders and
water management to some extent. Over 5000 litres of water is required to produce 1 kilogram of rice. Most
if it is used for soil preparation and weed suppression. To make rice farming more profitable, water use
efficiency has to be improved a lot in addition to other factors.
Though the yields are increasing over the years to varying degree they are not proportionate to the
increase in production cost. The factor productivity which is on decline should improve. Therefore, the
research and extension efforts will have to focus on the efficient use of inputs, reduction in the costs of
production, minimizing input losses and maximize output through scientific crop production and protection
technologies like Maintance of optimum population, water, soil test based integrated nutrient management,
integrated pest management, in addition to sustainable soil management, harvest and post harvest
management.
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The state being one of the highest fertilizer and pesticides consuming regions in the country, the key
factor leading to the difference in rice yields between A.P on one side and Punjab and Tamilnadu on the
other is the proportionate share of groundwater irrigated area which is 62% in Punjab, 45% in Tamilnadu
compared to 35% in A.P while Punjab and Tamilnadu developed 99% and 60% of their ultimate ground water
potential respectively. A.P developed less than 20% of its ground water potential. Ground water
development, thus, appears crucial for stepping up rice yields.
Another crucial factor in this regard is the extent of irrigated rice area in Andhra Pradesh. Although
rice is said to be irrigated to an extent of 95% of the area planted in the state, 50% is under tanks, wells and
tube wells which in turn depend on the rainfall and good mansoon. How dependable is this source is known
to every one. Thus, only 50% of the rice area gets assured irrigation water through canals under major
projects.
A third and major factor which is pulling down the rice yields in the state is damage due to frequent
cyclones and floods which are common at the time of harvest. Biotic and abiotic stresses are the other
factors greatly influencing the yield gaps apart from others.
e. Major contributing factors in different ecologies:
Under Irrigated transplanted ecology assured water, intensive cultivation with high inputs using high
yielding varieties and adoption of plant protection measures -are the major contributing factors for higher
productivity. Cyclones, floods , weeds , sub-mergens of the crop at critical stages and rodents are the yield
reducers.
In Rainfed lowland ecology high rain fall, fertile soils, availability of suitable varieties, high input use,
scope for giving irrigation at critical (later stages i. e., from tillering onwards) stages ,need based plant
protection are the factors for higher yields. Drought, planting of overaged seedlings, intermittent dryspells
during crop growth period and inadequate fertilizer application and Plant protection measures are the
reasons for low yields.
In rainfed ecology, uncertainity of rainfall, intermittent dry spells, weeds and lack of suitable high
yielding varieties with production technology are the reasons for low yields.
f) Contribution to the GDP: Andhra Pradesh contributes 16-18% towards rice production from an area
of about 10% of country’s rice area.
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V. Region wise/District wise rice Ecosystems
In Telangana region: Irrigated ecosystem
Rainfed low land eco system
Coastal Andhra Pradesh: Irrigated eco system
Submergence conditions
Rainfed lowland eco system
Rayala Seema : Irrigated ecosystem
Irrigated ecosystem: Rice crop is mostly grown under different sources of irrigation under puddle conditions
by growing dry or wet nurseries. Field is prepared with desi plough drawn by he buffaloes or by tractors.
Transplantation is mostly done by contract labour by random planting method called “Chikku natu” where
plant population is low.
Rainfed low land eco system: In Kothaguda, Mulugu agency area of Warangal district, Bhadrachalam area of
Khammam district and also is some parts ofr North Coastal area, dry nursery is raised with the on set of
mansoon. The field is bunded so that the rain water from upper area gets accumulated in the field and crop
resembles as if it is grown as a translplanted crop. Sometimes after dry sowing, the field is converted to wet
cultivation as and when water is available. This practice is common in Visakhapatnam and Sri Kakulam
district.
Rainfed eco system:In some North Coastal districts and Telangana area rice is cultivated as a rainfed crop.
Varieties grown under this condition are Akasavari, MTU-9992, MTU-17, mettasannalu, Varalu and all these
varieties have drought resistance. They are sown behind the plough or seed drill. Some times redgram or
hibiscus is taken as an intercrop. Rainfed rice varieties face intermittent drought spells. They have very good
ability to recover from drought in seedling stage and maximum losses occur, if the drought prevails at
flowering stage.
VI. Rice production and economic analysis
VII. Rice and rice based cropping systems – zone wise
Godavari Zone : Rice-Rice-Pulses
Rice-Rice
Rice-Green manures
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Rice-Vegetables
Rice-Maize
Rice-Rice-Green manure/Rice-Green manures
Krishna Zone: Rice-Rice
Rice-Pulses (Greengram/blackgram)
Rice-Zero tillage, Maize
Rice-Vegetables
Rice-Rice-Green manure
North Coastal zone: Rice- Rice
Rice- Pulses
Rice- Sugarcane
Rice- Millets
Rice- Green manures
Northern Telangana Zone : Rice- Rice - rice
Rice- Rice
Rice- Sunflower/Maze
Rice- Fodders
Rice- Greenmanures
Central Telangana Zone: Rice- Rice- Rice
Rice- Rice
Rice- Greenmanures
Rice- Maize
Southern Telangana Zone: Rice- Rice- Rice
Rice- Rice
Rice- Vegetables
Rice- Greenmanures
South Zone: Rice- Rice- Rice
Rice- Groundnut
Rice- Rice
Rice- Rice
Scarce rainfall Zon: Rice- Groundnut
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Rice- Sunflower
Rice- Greenmanure
High Altitude and Tribal Zone: Rice- Rice
Rice- Oilseeds
Rice- Pulses

VIII Rice growing seasons of different regions
Region First crop Second crop Third crop
Coastal Andhra Saarva (Kharif) Dalva (Rabi season) -
Pradesh
June - November November - March)
Telangana Aabi (Kharif season) Taabi (Rabi season) Kathera (Summer)
June – November 15th November –April April – July
Rayalasema Vanakaru (Kharif) Endakaru (Rabi) Mokkadugu(Summar)
June – December November - March February- May
Edagaru(Early Kharif
May – August

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IX. Recommended package of practices
a) Varieties/hybrids : Recommended varieties or hybrids for different situations
Seasons High Scarce South Central Northern South North Godavari Krishna
/ altitude rainfall Telangana
Telangana Telangana zone Coastal zone Zone
Situa- and tribal Zone zone
Zone Zone zone
tions
zone
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Early - - Pushpala, Bharani, Swarna, Swarn - Pushkal
Kharif a, a,
Cottondora Nidhi, Samba -
mahsuri, Samba rabi
Sannalu, Shravani,
mahsu
Phalguna IR.64
Somasila ri,
Phalgu
na
Vijeth
a
Normal Swarna, Swarna, Srikakulam Penna, Bhadrakali Bhadr Samba Samba Srikakul
a am
planting Chaitanya, Chaitan Sannalu, Simhapuri Kavya, Mahsuri, mahsuri
sannalu,
ya, , kali
Krishna Swarna, Shiva, Sagarsa Sonamah
Phalghu
Krishna Tikkana, Kavya, mba,
veni, Chaitanya, Warangal suri, na,
ve
Deepthi, Pinakini Shiva, Earlysam Depthi, Suraksh
Vasundhara Samba,
Ni, ba Nandyala a,
Prathibha, Savithri, Waran
Sonamah Warangal
Prathib gal Rajavadl sannalu Vijetha,
Surya, Sriranga,
a, suri Sannalu u,
Vedagiri, Samba Vasund
Bapatla
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