Rhs Encyclopedia Of Plants And Flowers

744 Pages·2019·271.342 MB·English

by  Brickell, Christopher

002_003_Title.indd 2 10/06/19 2:13 PM
R OY A L H O R T I C U LT U R A L S O C I E T Y
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
P L A N T S &
F L O W E R S
E D I T O R - I N - C H I E F
C H R I S T O P H E R B R I C K E L L
002_003_Title.indd 3 10/06/19 2:13 PM
CONTRIBUTORS
SIXTH EDITION CONTRIBUTORS
AND CONSULTANTS
Christopher Brickell Rock plants
Duncan Donald Clematis and Lilies
Dawn Edwards Argyranthemum,
Desmodium, Geum,
Indigofera, Pachypodium,
Peperomia and Streptocarpus
Mike Grant Ferns
Sharon McDonald Chrysanthemums,
Dahlias and Daffodils
Andrew Mikolajski Annuals, Biennials
and Perennials
Charles Nelson Heathers
Martin Page Annuals, Aquatics,
Biennials, Grasses, Irises,
Palms, Perennials and Shrubs
Charles Quest-Ritson Roses
Keith Rushforth Trees
Christopher Sanders Trees, Shrubs and
Climbers
Julian Shaw Tender and Exotic plants
Ivor Stokes Rhododendrons
Jennifer Trehane Camellias
David Ward Bulbs
Christopher Whitehouse Tender Trees
and Shrubs
FIRST EDITION CONTRIBUTORS
Susyn Andrews Hollies
Larry Barlow with W.B. Wade Chrysanthemums
Kenneth A. Beckett Shrubs, Climbers,
with David Pycraft Bromeliads, Plant Selector
John Brookes with Linden Hawthorne Introduction
Eric Catterall with Richard Gilbert Begonias
Allen J. Coombes Plant Origins, Trees,
Shrubs, Glossary
Philip Damp with Roger Aylett Dahlias
Kate Donald Peonies, Daffodils
Kath Dryden Rock plants
Raymond Evison Clematis
Diana Grenfell Hostas
Peter Harkness Roses
Linden Hawthorne Chapter introductions
Terry Hewitt Cacti and other Succulents
David Hitchcock Carnations and Pinks
Hazel Key Pelargoniums
Sidney Linnegar Irises
Brian Mathew Irises, Bulbs
Victoria Matthews Climbers, Lilies, Tulips
David McClintock Grasses, Bamboos,
Rushes and Sedges
Diana Miller Perennials
with Richard Gilbert African violets
John Paton Perennials
Charles Puddle Camellias
Wilma Rittershausen with Sabina Knees Orchids
Peter Q. Rose with Hazel Key Ivies
Keith Rushforth Conifers
A.D. Schilling Rhododendrons and Azaleas
Arthur Smith Gladioli
Philip Swindells with Peter Barnes Ferns
with Kath Dryden and Jack Wemyss-Cooke Primulas
with Peter Robinson Water plants
John Thirkell Delphiniums
Alan Toogood Annuals and Biennials
Major General Patrick Turpin Heathers
with David Small
Michael Upward Perennials
John Wright with Nancy Darnley Fuchsias
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PREFACE
This sixth edition of the RHS Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers is a testament
to the continuing value of this reference for gardeners. It is nearly 20 years since
the first edition was published, and this special work continues to earn its place
on any bookshelf.
Throughout the history of the RHS, we have endeavoured to make information
available to all on every aspect of horticulture. What makes this encyclopedia
so special, is the breadth of its appeal to both beginners and experienced
gardeners. As a reference work, it covers all the key areas of how to create a
garden and provides detailed plant profiles in its extensive A–Z dictionary.
It is the plant catalogue, however, that really gives this book its wide reach,
removing barriers to accessing information and providing inspiration for all
gardeners. Structured according to garden use, plant form, colour and size,
this section allows readers to find the plants they need without any prior
horticultural knowledge. The detailed descriptions, accurate naming and
cultivation advice is of use to everyone. In all, this is the ideal introduction to
garden plants and how to use them.
Garden plants continue to increase in diversity. Expert nurseries breed new
forms and gardeners continuously experiment with where and how to grow
plants. These advances are especially important today, as the increasing impact
of climate change presents us with both challenges and opportunities. This new
edition is updated with some of these recent introductions, and reflects our
most recent knowledge about our changing world.
As Director of Horticulture, I am privileged to be involved with all four of
our established gardens – RHS Wisley, Rosemoor, Hyde Hall, Harlow Carr
and our developing fifth garden, RHS Bridgewater in Salford. Walking around
these gardens with the curators and their teams, discussing new plans and
developments, is to enjoy a living reflection of this encyclopedia. Every garden
has a well-used copy, constantly referenced by both students and experienced
staff to check facts and to catalyse new ideas.
Our thanks and gratitude is due again to the Editor-in-Chief, Chris Brickell.
His name is synonymous with many of the RHS books that helped galvanise
my early interest in gardening and my subsequent training, so it’s an immense
pleasure for me to write this preface. I also wish to thank and acknowledge the
extensive number of expert contributors for so freely sharing their knowledge.
I am delighted to introduce this new edition, which I hope will continue to
inspire all to garden.
Dr Tim Upson
Director of Horticulture, The Royal Horticultural Society, 2019
004_005_Preface.indd 5 28/06/2019 15:11
006_007_Contents.indd 6 10/06/19 2:13 PM
CONTENTS
Preface 5 Climbers and Rock plants 328
wall shrubs 188 Large 332
How to use this book 8
Clematis 198
Plant names and origins 10 Wisteria 205 Small 347
Gentians 370
Honeysuckle 207
Creating a garden 12 Houseleeks 377
Plant selector 31 Perennials 212
Bulbs 378
including Grasses, Bamboos,
including Corms and Tubers
PLANT CATALOGUE Rushes, Sedges, and Ferns
Large 382
Large 216
Trees 56 Delphiniums 217 Gladioli 384
including Conifers Himalayan poppies 218 Alstroemerias 387
Large 60 Echinacea 221 Lilies 388
Cannas 394
Japanese anemones 222
Medium 69 Dahlias 396
Magnolias 70 Medium 223
Ornamental bark 78 Irises 224 Medium 399
Tulips 400
Aquilegias 226
Small 80 Daffodils 404
Peonies 228
Flowering dogwoods 87 Crocosmia 410
Astilbes 232
Sorbus 91
Persicaria 234
Hollies 94 Small 414
Penstemons 236
Crocuses 417
Large conifers 95 Oriental poppies 238
Phlox 240
Water and bog plants 430
Medium conifers 99 Campanulas 241
Water lilies 440
Daylilies 244
Small conifers 103
Yarrow 247
Dwarf conifers 105 Tender and exotic plants 446
Helenium 248
including Cacti and other
Michaelmas daisies 249
Shrubs 106 succulents
Salvias 250
Large 110 Trees 450
Rudbeckia 251
Buddlejas 114
Chrysanthemums 252 Shrubs 453
Lilacs 115
Red hot pokers 254
Witch hazels 118
Climbers 459
Small 254
Medium 120
Primulas 257 Perennials 465
Camellias 120
Lungworts 261 Orchids 466
Rhododendrons 124
Carnations and pinks 266 Bromeliads 471
Cornus 126
Hostas 272 African violets 472
Hydrangeas 134
Hylotelephiums 279 Gingers 477
Shrubs for berries 142
Lenten roses 281
Cacti and other succulents 479
Heuchera and x Heucherella 282
Small 145
Agaves 482
Hardy fuchsias 154
Grasses, Bamboos, Rushes Aloes 493
Salvias 155
and Sedges 284
Lavenders 158
Heathers 166 Ferns 290
PLANT DICTIONARY
Roses 168 Annuals, biennials,
Shrub and Old Garden roses 172 and bedding 294 Index of common names 730
Hips and prickles 176 Fuchsias 302
Glossary of terms 738
Modern roses 177 Pelargoniums 309
Climbing roses 184 Begonias 317 Acknowledgments 740
006_007_Contents.indd 7 10/06/19 2:13 PM
MEDIUM
SPRING
WHITE PINK
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
MEDIUM
SPRING
WHITE PINK RED
The core of this book is its two main sections – The Plant Catalogue
and the Plant Dictionary. Here you will find descriptions and cultivation
advice for thousands of plants. Plant Names and Origins explains the
Ribes sanguineum ‘Pulborough
Scarlet’ (Flowering currant)
Deciduous, upright shrub that in
system for classifying and naming plants, while Creating a Garden, srepdri nflgow beerasr sa mpeidn daernotm, tautibcu, ldaar,r kd egerpe e n
lfeoallvoews,e wd ibthy 3b–la5c lko bfreusi,t ss owmiteht iam es 3m 10ft
white bloom.
offers advice on design, planting, and basic pruning. ADH6 130mft 0
The Plant Selector Catalogue page shrubs shrubs
The Plant Selector recommends plants for a variety of sites, If you know a plant but
soils and purposes, making it easy to find one to suit your cannot recall its name, CEarhvoeomrigsayrteaice ,xn g ,d lcoeoswmsyip,t tdaecaatr knsh agr ru‘eAbez nwt eliectha Pv eeas rl’ CVHihagaso egrnolouossms, yde, ledecasird skup goeurcesie,o nbs aules ‘ahMvye osseh arrnluodbo . s ei’ PDfrraeugcnirduaunso tm,u ssui,n msgpelre e,‘ Bacdaeirnnmig-ic nshhei drfluoobrwi w’e ritsh i n TEwevilteohrp gaergeaee .tn Hr,u aunsp cdraiegteahpt ( gsTharsermuenba ,nl ebiaaunvs ehwsy aa rnadta h) AStwlcoiegwrg -pgya rsolhmwruainbtgu g,m rdo e‘wcSinhd iufnoodrue ists,sh r poaitjnohke’ -rr ed
neCehdosis.y Ta hxe d leiwsti titse adniav i‘Adzetdec i nPetoar 2l’ 3 useful categories, including hwaavCneht aat oes npidoeemcnimetilfeeyns, sothpr aestci miyoopsualy ‘Moerlooscobiaenogfu massdpci,inp era oin’irnnsteg ee epdd aar, n roowldfdy h 3 utai–hctu5eeet ndulfli mnoqinewun api.ert re r los eo,fa ufpfltseieninotks n .fl Culsuhset3emdr 1is0n ft psypeinlrlkion-wgflu, ffsrohulieltodsw., wedh ibtey flgoreweenriss hin- early 3m 10ft egarerleyn s lperaivnegs beemfoerreg ep.o inted, dark 3m 10ft pssmproraidnllug, ct auensb dud lesanur,sm ecmr, irmeorus. onnd efldo wheeards sin o fla t3em 10ft llMfeoroabufsec tcdhso lculeoasaunevr desi ncsf oogtrhr ic enbhn os nnptuesrwrainni .g g bH.r lPoauarwisdlmht h-a.g tree, edne.e 3mp l1y0f t
plEavnetrsg rfeoern ,g croomupnacdt -schoruvbe wr iitnh sun or shade, drought-tolerant wisVhig toor ochuos,o dseec pidlaunoutss ,f obru shy shrub. ADH4 K 130mft 0 ADH6 K 130mft 0 ADH5t 130mft 0 BDMH3 130mft 0 BDH5 K 26mft 0
plaarnotmsa, tficr,a gglorsasyn, td parlka gnrtese,n a lenadv etsh ose suitable for hedges and youHra gsa grldoesnsy b, daaserkd gorne etnh eleira ves and
wcinomdpborseeadk osf .3 M–5 alinneya ra lreaefl ientsc. lCuldusetedr si n the Plant Catalogue and sizep ionrk -cflouloshueridn,g w, hthitee Pflolawnet rs in early
of scented, white flowers, pink flushed in spring, followed by greenish-
are cross-referenced to a picture and full description. Catalogue is the place
bud, are produced in profusion yellow fruits.
in spring and then quite often 3m 10ft to start. Ch3omisya 1te0rnfatta Myrtus communis (Common myrtle) Rhododendron ‘Percy Wiseman’ Camellia x williamsii Acer palmatum ‘Corallinum’ Enkianthus cernuus f. rubens Leptospermum scoparium Berberis thunbergii f. atropurpurea
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amcix lpL,Issbcrs rhpG mMhedo Cco‘waautakpiotu . bvedps, orrmupiudyHa pti bfauoui3a.puog l.lSeorpdIuuern,nuoomel daladA4lorrimpapar4emO.un oaoAnu ybsiir8Eorlatneabupsaf rp,mhsseoi‘dr rrrc oda1devleen0ile agu.o nfmKr‘lsau8rm tmromii,sei a’iisRim,ea3,Np.niaBe louti7.csR tais 0 n cc,eeroen adp 3funpen–ale 4- SnatopccEnav rsro8pnpny ouPiprauI npao–ipnnailll,an 9aen3rdu‘ mui2aeorotvdpDngcMAraedae a.4stnoSvsa d.llamep4 on.casap,s46tt.ae 9oha34rir’ritm ‘dusse4yner c upmu4a‘aane us,,ineh0ccItetS ,ë,.pcc0i–sebfV1 .n1wa, iini,0‘ l ,ivkia,,ea0e sm4Sllrb.ldi pprEv,a1e.mu Fpi,o’p ,uv ,36,u‘.iiue0,,npa idp4n ,ssp rgppao re 3aL54ss ipeesaos.p. pmiPsp9D,pmr..m xppi,lsa’,Xe–p33ptd s ,a.4 r3.ip02. t,, apu ,i, o,.l8‘‘c 3s.i3.e,4.n u. p‘A pg4ha p.tyn994eBWetp0.4.8e29 o4,p3pl,S.pp,p3t.uOyv’8448au p1 m4 0 .29r 1t.h ,e.8d15s6 5pf.8npF‘lpp8.4cBu..l sC .32i12br3 N84mo1.5Mu41,433avpe2h15S7t7yT4.o5,5’.l ,a..83l75se3’3r2 ae,4p’1 994’e3 2p .it0,p6u ,Dpb ,M2,p34rgtl, 4I e8p1a 829 0 g95 .h l9poepmJp,s.42C.i846.snr9r32 4.r4o i anu.313p6a.5’’a2mTPHl4, 153 ,,lcl 9G69r3vf v4.Pa0l’4e368pp4.Uk ie,9i,e2e’ Qg7 1nar 2L5,c..egp, 4ll o34 h5 ruBo3ptu41a.Al81u,t’4s,u’. 09,er,E ,2844 p,1 4 mt8, eN 11 y 9 5R,4n 19 ’ 4T42 ’S,. 10 S4, , CBBKSSTPABPPPHreelotooiepeeelrlotrllnmmiehclrarbopimntepaneeeavaaraetlnurnaserrabo dgkeetnmovnsnheiiiaaoltaodaau heri lw l am raumreumns‘anuBebnlsuu dsubnl sit tlufljrqitamidiramiciseunfcuml,ul a ocsaoaS‘pnnWetlrrrpoi.ddscrac4irooiaario,6,si e n,sn,psl3p e’apuiap.i.y 2,4.s.‘ 4 4L0 p6P‘667oJ1.r243aium6mi4sraeoess’’e,, ’pp..445746 ECAAEFRCGRSSAcuatceurGLanarcnhyrb4ezetOcrAcpseai8lulerlrtieEVvn6titrtmaaiaivzh,eSi Eae aniia4rdoia, eaS nt hi8pn ecparh r,uyp7iva i .eudapnmm4b,aorg s .n 94prrts4 os irmiz39ainmu8dinauo6tfas2aneaatnac ea nsasaajc,ncuc,t tn puiiaauspead.slbrt.4 e4aiec7 6 nv6r‘5Lsta,s uprpe.4n8ti3i’,, 4p8.44,7 6 33plant selector ADH6 K 130mft 122 A(EacflianMrorvat omeaeegm urxDrspgitapacournatrsemHiitncene, 0 ,4ndngw og. , r o hKalarofnion ts3deugs neylboe, d lfabboteflleroodenimsg,t ssadhos.ge t mC oangpli)srun eees n e1ts3e0 nhimfrnt rls eu oabvf weCSgFticaaTTssi3 temhooyflhor u10 s0fmofsmtnrieoxlts wt dAEgwtbcfap oibllvhoa irbsceetcistiatrveiDksooegry ty ne lebr,flya eHiraedop mslesroadwg4 uanrs ritm e,ktet Kplrb sn.tm g sa.ubai sr catseuelorhrsHekaeh,eoy nno f rb o sfneonlhnooooellrnortlni uwante bd giwfswe d fen’darwr . o se1biFey3tm0iiyhmdr fent nat rpmatoqggruirv iiohdrtadomcppuun-reosltaeep,oa nt3-rrilimrcih ran 1,0 ,t w0sagfeppt ena tcdaltasBEcofthtarhacophvde nsmeer edennrtotfDp hgt,.t foadrrohu oc ieMtiucntae(ctcr nnthn ’earH.Se ha ans hrullb5 mh-itseeito it,hem .taldw tpaIoaenp stiKs dt erhlaerahdm ra s ndtg,ee adrcp s eesrtisnpoeif liunnkrins niit ecnflmw1tp3g0olohmiafe,wtt i tre rhpk meal ir erasirano v skdedg nsstyoushnaum eca3id.hnemd te s tt10dmmy 0 o ,fi t,osc ua l‘ElFpBoaaEneorvn.loryeGcmddinrDe f.gu l- aW rsct leM h e dae.daontp H)eiu,ne r5bu d hsplt,eop rp,uri agpisnlhieengt’ k g. s rhfleoreuwnb e lwersai vt1a3h0ermf tse. f ree3lym 100ft VbLfbaaAoureuorleirtbislua ylhbeiDgm aydsoenl-r,no h Htnbb. we reerR5ea -icieg ddgonKdh,erm mododt weir rsisaesdhih ndn-m-rsgdgpupiei,udbs r droh- ionpger-rgclp rye ei.sid e neflmluknlooao,,w wluyt1lh3e 0os tmfire,rutn senn e g. 3m 100ft DcdbiBnleeeu ellcslap-itEtsde ehrur essaModp poudrefsHii dn,sd 5,hbgu d-u. l pKles ugehprrype rseleehnd ri ln ufle baoa vuwweteiustr 1mht3s0hm f tdnaae.rt e nSt usmberoan 3rlm nl, 1 0e0 ft A‘ENolaRfvatfeee rsd rrDspgo pDrwrraeHai,yne mas4ng roKa, o aufsmn kpdda’ro tiusgicubh,m ltde, m,ab druekasr r.gh kry er see1h3d0nmfr t fllueobaw.v eesr3 ssm ei n10t0 ft DRrrmrAeeeeeidddddc - -idifDtdnrsiinupus aghiHrotuie-sunt7p.dus gut,,m rpaapnrraecl.le eh Gf foiynolloellgoilbal,wo ogdwseeeed nt flt usbooer1 ywn c30s mfus eht prbrs-ur siibhng.a h pt e 3md ,10 0ft 123
be toxic. Details are given in the genus
Photographic reference Top choices
introductions in the Plant Dictionary.
ChoisyaG taerrdnean ttah e mes and uses are Myrtus cPolamnmts uanrei sa r(Craonmgemdo n myrtle) Rhododendron ‘Percy Wiseman’ Camellia x williamsii
(Mexicanil lousratrnagteed b, ltoosgseotmhe)r with Evergreebny, bgurosuhpy, sthherun b with aromatic, Evergreen rhododendron with a domed, ‘E.GSi.z We aantedr hshoaupsee’
Evergrepenho, troogurnadpehds ,o df esnelseec tsehdr uplba nwtsi.th glossy, dalirskte gdr aelepnh afboelitaicgael.ly F.ragrant, compact habit. In late spring, produces EveFrogr rmeeonst, pulpanritgs htht es harpupbro wxi mithat e height (H)
aromatic, glossy, bright green leaves white flowers are borne from mid-spring open funnel-shaped, pink flowers that lanacned-s shparpeaedd ,( Sp) aalree ggriveeenn alte athvee se.n d of each
composed of 3 leaflets. Clusters of to early summer, followed by purple- fade to cream, with green markings in Forcmapatli odno. u(Tbhlee, “phienigkh flto” wofe ar st raarilein fgr epelalyn t is
fragrant, white blooms open in black berries. the throat. protdheu cleendg itnh sopf ritisn sgt.e ms, either hanging or
Slaitez sep rcinagt aengdo ofrteien sag ain 3m 10ft 3m 10ft 3m 10ft spread ing.) For Trees, Coni fers, and S3hmr u10bfst
Wini tahuitnu mmons.t groups in the Plant differently from group to group. Sizes a scale drawi ng shows the size and shape
122 CsAiazeta (lDtohgeHune 4s, u pKblasnetqsu aernet layr brayn sgeea1d3s0m oftbny o f 0 ahreeiAg bhats Dreadn Hogne4 sp fKloarn tl ahregieg,h mtse. dTihuem13 0smf,t paencdif ic 0 BDMH5tK 130mft 0 BoADfw eaaMcrhd H pol5fa ntGt aartd meant uMr iteyr.it 130mft 0
interest). Size categories range from small can be found in the introductory
This symbol indicates that the plant has
large to small, but are defined section for the relevant plant group.
received the RHS Award of Gar den Merit.
Colour order
The Plant Catalogue
Within each group, plants are arranged and or ang es. Variegated plants are
MAGNOLIAS
bCopryuod rltoephrulee:r sfcsr o aoalnrmoedu wrab rolhurfiae ttnesh gttehoeird rg o miruneag etihnhn esrf, ee sydaaetsmul,l roeew . s cfytohaeletlile aoc ggwooel) ro ;vi uzsareur dcioe cfbg utyalhe tteinhoitrens f ca(loior.ewleo. eauwrrrsrh o,ai tifnfe tg phoererdoi r db uyc ed. Tpcoohlriostur sareiftcustl i aocnnadt ca dolomegsbcurieni poetfsi o4pn,l0as0n i0nt p al ants AisTawasfmssinnuhluonnho h alimmoddeslewlgiy puxt pmafl orne-plrhirtdg,ofoicoue aotn wrwlherbsrrviog-aneed eheiflrw.dsd y reimhoMd te, sipde snawu daari-oa vggtflr gpeerseiee, utfrnuet is e en ias ibr,omngrs vht pael s goeeiahealssauen n cd gtuts bt. hetiip hnpmdnutoTreeleol aareha uofc sl llu flneisslilrfoayyelor -t tligsnar s ea lwfsb i.eiedgoabc anlneTu rrrhoeuearuheamtfo.cdgsr o nsePeem a a crsciwrlillmieaeen ee- nsm i,ng,n.cpt ops sha aClttaliboutya nln kaoa,psed n dtoer ibl ie ston-d nsifiuc sun un gaoko uatn smrg r hr ltomonss t.gragai rpmyeAvraob oge eapanswviebecsntruti o d lt ceasgaaretai vlodpntenbtmcl-e.hl ldudy sepferSaar hl rg,lftasttoo aarhatt rhrmamneootpeo rerrsst eeuue p ei itpanndg gsb innun,g. hhs yrok t. e t M. ‘Spectrum’ K MM.. B‘SLAuCsKa TnU’L IKP (‘Jurmag1')
divided into groups: Trees
(including conifers); Shrubs; M. ‘Galaxy’ K M. stellata M. doltsopa
Roses; Climbers and Wall Shrubs;
M. grandiflora ‘Exmouth’ M‘Le. oxn laoredb Mneersi s el’ K M‘Ru. sxt iscoau Rlaunbgreaa’ na M. ‘Elizabeth’ K
The symbols Abbreviations Perennials (including grasses,
A Prefers sun cv(s) cultivar(s) bamboos, rushes, sedges, and ferns); M. stellata ‘Royal Star’ KM. stellata ‘Waterlily’ Msu.b csapm. mpboelllilciio mata
B f. forma Annuals, Biennials, and Bedding
Prefers partial shade
C H height (or length of trailing stems) Plants; Rock Plants; Bulbs; Water M. ‘Butterflies’
Tolerates full shade illus. illustrated
D Prefers well-drained soil min. minimum and Bog Plants; and Tender and 70M. wilsonii K M. liliiflora ‘Nigra’ K M. x brooklynensis ‘Yellow Bird’
EF PPrreeffeerrss mweoti ssto siloil ppS(l .p ). ppspalurgreeaa(lds) Etox eoaticch P glarnotusp. Ais sfhoollrotw inedtr obdy upclatinotns FPlaenat ttyuperse o rp gaennerea losf special interest
m Needs acid soil subsp subspecies arranged by size, season of interest, to the gardener are presented in separate
t subspp subspecies (pl.) and colour and includes feature feature panels within the appropriate
Toxic plant
8 K Award of Gar den Mer it svyanr.. svyanrioentiyems(s) panels on plants that have ginrdoiuvpid.u Callo fsleo-wuper ps hoor tpolgarnatps hasll oowf quick
particular appeal. identification or selection.
008_009_HowtouseBook_latest.indd 8 17/06/19 12:10 PM
Page headings Hardiness ratings
MEDIUM
SPRING Headings reflect the way in
All plants in this encyclopedia have been assigned hardiness ratings determined by
WHITE PINK RED which each plant group is
the lowest temperature the plant is likely to withstand. The rating provides a detailed
subdivided – usually by size and
description of hardiness using one of the nine categories, H1a to H7, of the new
main season of interest. (See
system introduced in recent years by the RHS. These ratings serve as a general guide
also Size categories, left.)
to growing conditions and should be interpreted according to the table below. Bear in
Colour tabs mind, however, that the hardiness ratings are guidelines only, and, many other factors
These indicate a change of will affect a plant’s overall hardiness.
Ribes sanguineum ‘Pulborough
SDceacridleuto’ u(Fsl,o uwperriignhgt csuhrrruanbt t)h at in colour within the size group
spring bears pendent, tubular, deep
rlfeoealdlvo flewso,ew wde ibrtshy a3bm–la5icd lko a bfrreousmi,t ssa otwimci,te hdt iaamr ke sg ree3mn 10ft for each season. RATING TEMPERATURE CATEGORY DEFINITION
wAhitDe bHlo6om. 130mft 0 Plant portraits RANGE
Colour photographs assist H1a warmer than Heated Grow as a house plant or under
in the identification and 15°C (59°F) greenhouse glass all year round.
shrubs shrubs selection of plants. – tropical
Tabs H1b 10–15°C Heated Can be grown outside in summer
CEhveorigsyreae xn ,d ceowmipttaecat nshar u‘Abz wteicth P earl’ CVihgaoernouosm, deleecsid supoeucsi,o bsaus ‘hMy osehrrluobo. s ei’ PDreucniduuso musu, msper e‘Badeinnig-c shhidruobri w’ ith TEevleorpgereae tnr,u unpcraigtaht ( sThasrmuba,n biauns hwya ratah) ASlcoewr -pgarolmwaintgu,m d e‘cSihdiunoduess,h roatjohe’ r Colour-coded tabs make it (50–59°F) greenhouse in hotter, sunny, and sheltered
acoorf omsmcpeaontsticee,dd g, olwof sh3si–yt5e, dlflianorewka ergr lrsee,a epflnien ltkes a.fl vCuelssuh setedr isn Hpspianrskin -ggfllou, sfsoshlyel,o ddw,a werdkh igbterye flgeornew leeenarivss ehins- aenadrl y fegraraergleyrn as nlpetra, ivsniegns g beleemf,o ecrraegr emp.o ininet efldo,w dearrsk i n wpsmriotahdl lua, cgtueesb. Hudleaansr, s decer, eirmpou sgonrnde eefldno whleeeaarvdse ssin oa flna dte tlleowabifge cdgo ylle osauhvrreiunsb gt h gienrno s wpturnri nnfog br. lPiutasisl pmhi-nagtkre-e,r edende.e ply easy to find each plant group. – subtropical locations, but generally performs
binu sdp, rairneg p arnodd uthceend qinu pitreo ofuftseino n 3m 10ft yellow fruits. 3m 10ft 3m 10ft spring and summer. 3m 10ft Mfrouscths cuasne ds cfoorrc bho nneswai .g Hroarwdt h. 3m 10ft better as a house plant or under
again in early autumn.
ADH4 K 130mft 0 ADH6 K 130mft 0 ADH5t 130mft 0 BDMH3 130mft 0 BDH5 K 26mft 0 Plant names glass all year round.
The botanical name is given H1c 5–10°C Heated Can be grown outside in summer
for each plant, and where (41–50°F) greenhouse – throughout most of the UK while
appropriate, common names warm temperate daytime temperatures are high
are listed in brackets. enough to promote growth.
C(EMhveeorxigsicyraeane tnoe,r rarnonaugtnea db e lods, sdoemn)s e shrub with MEglvoyesrrstguyr,s ed ecanor,km b gmurseuhenyni s sf ho(Crliuoabmg ewm. iFothrna amgrroyarmntltea, )t ic, REcohvmeordpgoarcedtee hnna drbhrioot.dn Io n‘d Pleaentrecd ysr poWnri niwsgei,tm hp araon dd’ oumceesd , C‘EEav.eGmr.ge Wrlleiaaent xe, ruwhpoirluligisahemt’ sshiir ub with AVbeucrseyhr yspl-oahwelma-dgaertoduw msihn r‘gCu,bo d roearcl lisidnmuuaomlul ’st ,r ee. EDclneukcsiitdaeurnsot houufs ,ds b uculels rghnryue suehnsr flue.b ar vuwebiste htnh dsa et ntusern L‘ERevepedrtgo Drseapemenra,m uskup’mr ig shcto, bpuasrhiuym sh rub. BDReeedrcbiddeiusrhois-u ptsuh, ruaprnclbeh efinorglgiai,i g dfee.  natusterrn ossph bururripbg.uh rte a Captions H2 1–5°C Cool or frost-free Tolerant of low temperatures,
122 Aacflianrorat omeagm uDrsptapaountrsmHiitcen, ,4ndgw g. ohKalofni ts3des ylboe, lfabotfleroenimgt sahs.g t C oagplirunees n e1t3e0 nimfrnt ls e oavf es3 m 100ft Awtbolha eciatDker lbflyHeo srw4urim eeKrsms. aerre, fboollronwee fdr o1b3m0ymft pmuirdp-slep3-rmi n100gft Bofthapdee entD ht foruo McnarnteH.e a l5m-st,h wapiKtehd g, rpeinenk flm130omafwtrkeirnsg tsh a3inmt 100ft lFpBaornorcmdDeu-asclMh eddaop Hiune5bd slt,ep p,r apinlieng kg. rfleoewn elersa v1a30ermftse. f ree3lym 100ft LfbaaAourorleitbilua lbeiDgmadoenr,n Htnbb. reerR5e icieg donKdh,m mdot eirrsiaesdh nd-m-sgdppieiudsr roh-inpgr-glp ryee.i e nefllknloo,,w wyt1h3e0o mfireutnsnn g 3m 100ft dbiBnee elllap-Ets ehr esaMdppdreHiidns5,hg d-. pKeueprp rleed in fl oauwteur1m3s0mf tna.r eS mboa3rlmnl, 1 0e0 ft ANolafatfe rs rDspoprwraHi,yn as4g roK oafmn ddao tusicub,m ldem,a drekar r.g kr eree13d0nmf t flleoawveesr3 ssm ei n10t0 ft rrmrAeeeidddd - -ifDtnrsinup agiHrtuiesnt7.du gt,m panrae.l e Gf oylloelolblwoowseed flt boo1 ywc30 mfu etprs- sihna pe3md ,10 0ft 123 Citnoa dpaetnitoya nislsp a edncedisa cdl ruriabswee s t.ahtete pnltainotns (34–41°F) greenhouse bEoxur ctce owpatisl lit nna lof erto xssturte-rfvmrievieeti, e bisne, nirneegqr- ufcriiotreyz sea nre. as
greenhouse conditions in winter.
Can be grown outside once risk of
frost is over.
H3 -5–1°C Unheated Hardy in coastal and relatively mild
The Plant Dictionary (23–34°F) greenhouse/ mild parts of the UK, except in hard
winter winters and at risk from sudden,
The Plant Dictionary contains entries for every genus in the h
Encyclopedia and includes an additional 4,000 recommended plants eealsrelyw fhroesrets w. Mitha yw baell hsharedltye r or tho
w
to those featured in the Plant Catalogue. It also functions as an index a good microclimate. Can often is
to the Plant Catalogue. survive with some artificial b t
protection in winter. o
o

H4 -10– -5°C Average winter Hardy throughout most of the ou
Genus names
(14–23°F) UK apart from inland valleys, ks
Tbwhyh ece orgeme nampuops nrno anpmarimaet eiess, faaonnllddo wsfayenmdo iln yy nmasm, es. RRhHuEbUarMb alotc aalttiiotundse. ,M aanyd scuefnfetrr aflo/nlioagrteh erly e
damage and stem dieback in harsh
POLYGONACEAE
winters in cold gardens. Plants in
Genus entries Genus of perennials, grown for pots are more vulnerable.
A concise introduction covers the their foliage and striking overall
distinctive characteristics and hardiness appearance. Includes the edible H5 -15– -10°C Cold winter Hardy in most places throughout
range of plants in the genus, as well as rhubarb and various ornamental (5–14°F) the UK, even in severe winters.
advice on siting, cultivation, propagation, May not withstand open or
and, if relevant, pruning, pests and plants. Some species are extremely exposed sites or central/northerly
diseases, and toxicity. large and require plenty of space. locations. Many evergreens will
Fully hardy. Prefers sun or semi- suffer foliage damage and plants
shade and deep, rich, well-drained in pots will be at increased risk.
Plant names soil. Propagate by division in spring H6 -20– -15°C Very cold winter Hardy in all of the UK and northern
Botanical names, synonyms and common or by seed in autumn. tLeaves may (-4–5°F) Europe. Many plants grown in
names are given as appropriate. The genus cause severe discomfort if ingested. containers will be damaged unless
name is abbreviated; specific epithets (eg. R. nobile. Clump-forming perennial. given protection.
ngoivbeinle i)n a fruel la. bbreviated only if previously H 15m (5ft), S 1m (3ft). Leaves are H7 colder than Very hardy Hardy in the severest European
oblong to oval, leathery, basal, mid- 20°C (-4°F) continental climates, including
green, 60cm (2ft) long. In late summer exposed upland locations in
Plant descriptions produces long stems and conical the UK.
Key characteristics of the plant are spikes of large, overlapping, pale
described. Har di ness and cul ti va tion needs cream bracts that hide insignificant
are in clud ed only if specific to the plant. K
flowers.
Cultivar entries run on from the species
R. palmatum. Clump-forming
entry, with the binomial omitted.
perennial. H and S 2m (6ft). Has
THE RHS AWARD OF GARDEN MERIT
60–75cm (2–2½ft) long, rounded,
Illustrated plants 5-lobed, mid-green leaves. In The Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit (AGM) recognizes plants of
Descriptions for illustrated plants early summer has broad panicles outstanding excellence for garden decoration or use, whether grown in the open
appear in the Plant Catalogue, of small, creamy-white flowers. or under glass. Besides being the highest accolade the Society can give to a plant,
unless part of a feature panel k ‘Atrosanguineum’ illus. p.439. the AGM is of practical value for ordinary gardeners, helping them in making a
(see below left). choice from the many thousands of plants currently available. The AGM means that
plants satisfy the following criteria:
Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri. See
• Excellent for garden use
Hatiora gaertneri.
• Not particularly susceptible to pests and diseases
Cross-references Rhipsalidopsis rosea. See Hatiora
• Do not require specialist care other than the provision of suitable
Synonym cross-references
rosea. growing conditions 9
are listed alphabetically.
008_009_HowtouseBook_latest.indd 9 17/06/19 12:10 PM
PLANT NAMES AND ORIGINS
Plants have always been given local names with the result that many of
them were called by a different name in different regions and countries.
To overcome this problem, a common naming system was devised and
developed into the plant naming system that is now used worldwide.
The binomial system
found to apply to two different plants; or
Greek and Roman scholars laid the because new knowledge changes the plant’s
foundations of our method of naming classification. In this book, synonyms
plants, but the binomial system used today are included so renamed plants can be
was largely established in the 18th century easily recognised.
by Swedish botanist, Carl Linnaeus (1707–
1778). Linnaeus classified each plant with Common names
two Latin words, rather than the descriptive Although many plants have familiar
phrases used previously. The first word common names, botanical names are used
describes the genus (eg. Ilex) and the second because not all plants possess a common
the epithet (eg. aquifolium). Together they name, or they may share a name with other
provided a name for a particular plant plants. In addition, a common name may be
species such as Ilex aquifolium (English used in different regions to describe
holly). Other species in the same genus different plants. For example, in Scotland
were given different epithets such as Ilex “plane” refers to Acer pseudoplatanus
crenata and Ilex serrata. The system has (sycamore); in England it refers to the
been developed by scientists so that the London plane (Platanus x hispanica), and in

ss entire plant kingdom is divided into a America both “plane” and “sycamore” are
en
mi universally recognized “family tree” used for (Platanus occidentalis). Common
ag
nri (see opposite). names may also refer to unrelated plants
o as is the case with sea holly (Eryngium),
t
nd The meaning of plant names hollyhock (Alcea), and summer holly
an Plant names are derived from various (Arctostaphylos diversifolia), none of which
la
p sources. Some are commemorative – the is a true holly (Ilex). Another problem is
Fuchsia is a tribute to German physician that one plant may have several common
Leonhart Fuchs – while others indicate a names: heartsease, love-in-idleness, and
plant’s geographic origins, as with Parrotia Johnny-jump-up all refer to Viola tricolor. ABOVE Wild origins
persica (of Persia). A plant may be named Many plant species that subsequently become garden plants
Botanical divisions are initially found in the wild. The North Cape Province of
after the collector who introduced it, such
South Africa is home to many annuals and succulents, from
as Primula forrestii, cultivated by George Divided into a hierachy, plants are classified which breeders have produced new cultivars and hybrids.
Forrest. Alternatively, the name may according to the following groups, which
describe the plant’s characteristics, for help to identify them: in common, and a genus may contain one
example, quinquefolia in Parthenocissus or a large number species. For example,
quinquefolia, which means with foliage The family a member of the genus Lilium could be
made up of five leaflets; it comes from the Plants are grouped in families according any lily, but Lilium candidum denotes just
Latin quinque (five) and folium (leaf). to the structure of their flowers, fruits, one type.
A plant name may change either because and other organs. Families may consist A species is a group of plants that
the plant has been incorrectly identified; of clearly related plants, such as orchids consistently and naturally reproduce
or because it has been given an earlier (family Orchidaceae), or embrace themselves, often by seed or vegetatively,
name; or because the name has been diverse plants as in the family Rosaceae: generating plant populations that share
Alchemilla, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, similar characteristics.
Malus, Geum, Prunus, Pyracantha,
WHAT IS “OF GARDENS”? Sorbus and Spiraea. Subspecies, varieties, and forms
In the wild, even plants of the same species
The epithet “of gardens” is added to names The genus and its species can exhibit slight differences, and these are
that have been wrongly applied to plants A family may contain one genus (for split into three subdivisions:
in cultivation – that is, the plant has been example, Eucryphia is the only genus – The subspecies (subsp.) is a distinct
misidentified because of similarity to in the family Eucryphiaceae) or many – variant of the species.
another plant. It can also be used for plants
the daisy family Compositae has over – The variety (var.) differs slightly in its
that have not yet been formally named, such
1,000 genera. botanical structure.
as a hybrid that has arisen in cultivation.
Each genus comprises related plants, – The form (f.) has only minor variations,
10 such as oaks (genus Quercus) or lilies such as the habit or colour of leaf, flower,
(genus Lilium), that have several features or fruit.
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