Rhizobium biology and biotechnology PDF
Preview Rhizobium biology and biotechnology
Soil Biology Alexander P. Hansen Devendra K. Choudhary Pawan Kumar Agrawal Ajit Varma Editors Rhizobium Biology and Biotechnology Soil Biology Volume 50 Series Editor Ajit Varma, Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, India Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/5138 Alexander P. Hansen (cid:129) Devendra K. Choudhary (cid:129) Pawan Kumar Agrawal (cid:129) Ajit Varma Editors Rhizobium Biology and Biotechnology Editors AlexanderP.Hansen DevendraK.Choudhary SanktAugustin,NRW AmityInstituteofMicrobialTechnology Germany AmityUniversityUttarPradesh Noida,UP India PawanKumarAgrawal AjitVarma NationalAgriculturalScienceFund AmityInstituteofMicrobialTechnology IndianCouncilofAgriculturalResearch AmityUniversityUttarPradesh NewDelhi,India Noida,UP India ISSN1613-3382 ISSN2196-4831 (electronic) SoilBiology ISBN978-3-319-64981-8 ISBN978-3-319-64982-5 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-64982-5 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017953190 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinor for anyerrors oromissionsthat may havebeenmade. Thepublisher remainsneutralwith regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Foreword It gives me an immense pleasure to write few glimpses on book “Rhizobium Biology&Biotechnology”writtenbyserieseditorProf.Dr.AjitVarma. Rhizobiahavebeenwidelyusedinagriculturalsystemsforenhancingtheability of legumes to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Nitrogen was known to be an essential nutrientforplantgrowthanddevelopment.Intensivefarmingpracticesthataccom- plishhighyieldsneedchemicalfertilizers,whicharenotonlycosteffectivebutalso maycreateenvironmentalproblems.Nitrogenisessentialinplantcellsforsynthe- sis of enzymes, proteins, chlorophyll, DNA and RNA, thus essential for plant growth and production of food and feed. The term rhizobia generally refer to members of the genus Rhizobium butin true sense it includes all bacteria that are capableofnodulationandfixingthenitrogeninassociationwithleguminouscrop. Rhizobia are soil-inhabiting heterogenous group of diverse bacteria with the v vi Foreword potential to stimulate nodule formation with the roots of both leguminous and non-leguminousplants.Thesebacteriaenterintotheroottissuesviaroothairsor directly via wounded tissues during specific interactions with the host and induce noduleformationonrootsand/orshoots.Therhizobiafixatmosphericnitrogeninto ammonia through effective nodules and supports plant growth. In return the rhizobia obtain nutrition and protection by the host in symbiotic manner. This symbiotic relationship for nitrogen-fixation has been extensively studied in agri- cultureforimprovingsoilhealthandcropyields. TheRhizobiahavediverseandheterogeneousgroupdividedintoalphaandbeta- proteobacteria nevertheless they are united by their ability to form nodules on leguminousandnon-leguminousplants.Duetonitrogenfixingabilityandpotential to replace nitrogen fertilizers, rhizobia are among the most intensively studied groups of microorganisms simultaneously, testing of nodulation by different bacteria led to the establishment of cross-inoculation groups. With the advent of modern biotechnological tools and techniques such as rDNA sequencing, 16S diversity,DNA–rRNAhybridizations,rRNAcatalogues,morediversityofrhizobia could be exposed. The rhizobia isolated from leguminous plants of arid region largely belong to Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium genera on the basis of morpho-physiological and molecular characterization. The specific stress tolerant traits of these bacteria can be exploited to mitigate climate resilienceincontextofglobalwarming. In the present volume Editors compiled researches to emphasize the role of Rhizobiuminagricultureanditsbiotechnologywithfollowingobjectives: (cid:129) OccurrenceanddistributionofRhizobium (cid:129) PhenotypicandmolecularcharacteristicsofRhizobium (cid:129) ImpactofRhizobiumonothermicrobialcommunitiesinrhizosphere (cid:129) N -fixationabilityofRhizobium 2 (cid:129) Rhizobiumandabiotic/bioticstress (cid:129) Rhizobium-mediatedrestorationofanecosystem (cid:129) Insilicoanalysisofrhizobiapool (cid:129) BiotechnologicalperspectivesofRhizobium Finally,IcongratulateProf.Dr.AjitVarmaandhisteamfortheirbrilliantefforts in compilation of such fruitful volume which is a worthwhile compendium to exploreRhizobiumtechnologyanditsdisseminationtosustainableagriculture. M.S.SwaminathanResearchFoundation M.S.Swaminathan TaramaniInstitutionalArea Chennai,India Preface Agriculturehasalonghistoryofresearchtargetedatunderstandinghowtoimprove theeffectivenessofrootsymbiontsviz.,rhizobia.Plant-mediatedmineralizationfor nutrientacquisitioninagro-ecosystemwouldreducethepotentialfornutrientlosses becauseoftightcouplingbetweennetmineralizationofNandPandplantuptakein therhizosphere.Micro-organismsandtheirproductsintherhizospherereacttothe manymetabolitesthatarereleasedbyplantrootsinavarietyofpositive,negative, and neutral ways. Such interactions can influence plant growth and development, change nutrient dynamics, and alter plant’s susceptibility to disease and abiotic stresses.Overallthegeneralrhizosphereeffectcouldhelptheplantbymaintaining the recycling of nutrients through the production of hormones that help provide resistance to microbial diseases and to aid tolerance to toxic compounds. This benefitcaneitherpersistorlostinwellfertilizedagriculturalsoilswherenutrients are readily available to plants and symbionts that reduce growth. Legumes are simultaneously one of the largest families of crop plants occupying nearly all terrestrial biomes. The unusual flower structure, podded fruits and ability of the 88.0% species to form root nodules with compatible rhizobacteria define the legumes. The wide use of legumes as food crops, forages and green manures is mainly associated with their ability to establish symbiotic associations with stem androotnodulatingnitrogen(N )fixingbacteria,whicharecollectivelyreferredas 2 rhizobia.Rhizobiaareofparticularinterestduetotheirsymbioticassociationwith members ofLeguminosae, which is the second largest family of flowering plants. Recent information indicates that about 3000 bacterial taxa are capable of nodulating400taxa,whileinformationislackingformorethan40%ofthegenera. A promising approach has been employed to understand how natural selection regulates changes in mutualistic interactions. A descriptive knowledge of basic evolutionary processes can be employed to develop agricultural management practicesthatfavourthemosteffectivesymbionts.Mutuallybeneficialinteractions betweenplantandassociatedrhizosphericmicroorganismsareubiquitouswhichis important for ecosystem functioning. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation bybacteria e.g., Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Sinorhizobium, and Azorhizobium vii viii Preface spp.,thatcollectivelyknownasrhizobiaorbyFrankiaspp.,isthemajorNinputto many natural and agricultural ecosystem in the root nodules of legumes or actinorhizal plants respectively. From an agricultural point of view, the most significant interactions are those of the Fabaceae-Rhizobium spp. Bradyrhizobium spp.rootnodulesymbioses.Recentworkonrootnodulebacteriahasdemonstrated that this interaction is not restricted to Rhizobium/Bradyrhizobium but includes N -fixingstrainsofRalstonia,Burkholderia,andMethylobacteriumthathavebeen 2 recoveredfromthenodulesofseveraltropicalFabaceae. Beside of nitrogen fixation, rhizobia have also been reported for plant growth promotioninlegumesandnon-legumes.Theirassociationsmodifythephysiology andbiochemistryofcropplantswhichenhancedplantgrowthundernormalaswell as stress conditions. Rhizobia can affect the plant growth in two different ways: directly or indirectly. The direct growth promotion of the plant is regulated by producing plant hormones; regulating endogenous ethylene level; enhanced total available nutrient contents and releasing other useful compounds like: exopolysaccharides(EPS),lumichrome, riboflavin etc.Duringrhizobial infection, ethylene produced into infected roots and several times caused inhibition of nod- ulation in various legumes. There are several rhizobial strains including R. japonicum, R. leguminosarum, R. hedysari, R. gallicum, B. japonicum, B. elkanii, M. loti and S. melilotihaving an enzyme ACC deaminase which could reduce this stress by decreasing the level of ethylene in the host plant. The EPS producingrhizobialstrainscanrelievetheeffectofwaterdeficitstressbyaltering soilproperties.VariousRhizobiumspp.arealsostudiedforplantgrowthpromotion via producing multiple phytohormones such as Auxins, abscisic acid, cytokinins, gibberellins,ethylene,andnitricoxide.Rhizobiacanbenefitplantgrowthindirectly byseveralmechanismssuchasantibiosis,parasitism,competitionfornutrients,and inductionofsystemicresistance(ISR).Rhizobiumspp.,namely,R.leguminosarum, S. meliloti, and B. japonicum have been found to show parasitism against fungal pathogensbelongingtogeneraMacrophomina,Rhizoctonia,andFusarium.Several studies have demonstrated that Rhizobium spp. enhanced defense mechanisms of plantviaISRinnon-leguminouscrops. In the present volume editors compiled researches to elaborate the role of Rhizobiuminagriculturewithemphasisonbiotechnologicalperspectives. SanktAugustin,Germany AlexanderP.Hansen Noida,India DevendraK.Choudhary NewDelhi,India PawanKumarAgrawal Noida,India AjitVarma Contents 1 ImpactofRhizobialInoculantsonRhizosphericMicrobial Communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 RichaSharma,VirendraS.Bisaria,andShilpiSharma 2 RestorationofDegradedPastureSoilsontheBasisofEM Associations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 IrinaSmirnova,AmankeldySadanov,AidanaSabdenova, andArayNurmukhanbetova 3 RhizobiumasaCropEnhancerandBiofertilizerforIncreased Non-legumeProduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 SouadZaim,AhmedAmineBekkar,andLakhdarBelabid 4 RoleofRootNoduleBacteriainImprovingSoilFertility andGrowthAttributesofLeguminousPlantsUnderAridand SemiaridEnvironments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 S.K.Singh,RakeshPathak,andAnjlyPancholy 5 Diversity,Nitrogenfixation,andBiotechnologyofRhizobia fromAridZonePlants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 RakeshPathak,S.K.Singh,andPraveenGehlot 6 RhizobiuminRiceYieldandGrowthEnhancement. . . . . . . . . . . . 83 KalaivaniK.Nadarajah 7 PlantGrowth-PromotingRhizobium:Mechanismsand BiotechnologicalProspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 AnitaPatil,AnkitKale,GauravAjane,RubinaSheikh, andSurendraPatil 8 RecentTrendsinIdentificationandMolecularCharacterization ofRhizobiaSpecies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 PranayJainandRamKumarPundir ix
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