Rheumatology

1931 Pages·2018·423.148 MB·English

by  Marc C. Hochberg et al.

Rheumatology
Rheumatology
Seventh Edition
MARC C. HOCHBERG, JOSEF S. SMOLEN,
MD, MPH, MD, FRCP
MACP, MACR Professor of Medicine
Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology and Public Health Chairman, Department of Medicine III
Head, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Division of Rheumatology
Vice Chair, Department of Medicine Medical University of Vienna
University of Maryland School of Medicine Chairman, Second Department of Medicine
Director, Gerontology Research Education and Clinical Center Center for Rheumatic Diseases
Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System Hietzing Hospital
Baltimore, Maryland Vienna, Austria
MICHAEL E. WEINBLATT,
MD,
ELLEN M. GRAVALLESE,
MD
FRCP, MACR
Myles J. McDonough Chair in Rheumatology
John R. and Eileen K. Riedman Professor of Medicine
Chief, Division of Rheumatology
Harvard Medical School
Department of Medicine
R. Bruce and Joan M. Mickey Distinguished Chair in Rheumatology
University of Massachusetts Memorial Health Care
Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy
Professor of Medicine
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts
Worcester, Massachusetts
MICHAEL H. WEISMAN,
ALAN J. SILMAN, MD
MD, FRCP, FMedSci
Cedars-Sinai Chair in Rheumatology
Professor of Musculoskeletal Health
Director, Division of Rheumatology
Nuffield Department off Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences
Professor of Medicine
Oxford University
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
United Kingdom
Distinguished Professor of Medicine
David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
RHEUMATOLOGY, 7th edition ISBN: 978-0-7020-6865-2
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Hochberg, Marc C., editor.
Title: Rheumatology / [edited by] Marc C. Hochberg, Ellen M. Gravallese, Alan J. Silman,
Josef S. Smolen, Michael E. Weinblatt, Michael H. Weisman.
Other titles: Rheumatology (Hochberg)
Description: Seventh edition. | Philadelphia, PA : Elsevier, Inc., [2019] |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017007320 | ISBN 9780702068652 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Rheumatic Diseases | Antirheumatic Agents–therapeutic use
Classification: LCC RC927 | NLM WE 544 | DDC 616.7/23–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.
gov/2017007320
Content Strategist: Nancy Anastasi Duffy
Content Development Specialist: Jennifer Shreiner
Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian
Project Manager: Ted Rodgers
Design Direction: Bridget Hoette
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To our parents (living or of blessed memory) and our spouses, children, and grandchildren
Susan Hochberg, Francine, Jeffrey, and Eleanor (Nora) Zoe Giuffrida, and Jennifer Hochberg
M. Timothy Hresko, Andrew (Drew) and Gregory Hresko
Ruth Silman, Joanna, Timothy, and Daniel Silman
Alice Smolen, Eva, Daniel, Sami, and Ilona Hruschka, Nina Smolen-Wilson, Etienne, Anna, and James Jandi Wilson,
Daniel Smolen and Catherine McKenzie, and Alexander Smolen and Meeri Parikka
Barbara Weinblatt, Hillary, Jason, Sidney Allen and Annika Gray Chapman, and Courtney and Michael Fasciano
Betsy Weisman, Greg, Nicole, Mia, and Joseph Weisman, Lisa, Andrew, David, and Thomas Cope, and Annie, Bill, Caro-
line, and Dorothy Macomber
Contributors
Abby G. Abelson, MD Daniel A. Albert, MD, FACR Mary-Carmen Amigo, MD, FACP
Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics Professor and Head
Chair, Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Divisions of Rheumatology Rheumatology Service
Diseases Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center American British Cowdray Medical Center
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Lebanon, New Hampshire Mexico City, Mexico
Case Western Reserve University Chapter 120, Inflammatory back pain Chapter 148, Antiphospholipid syndrome: pathogenesis,
Cleveland, Ohio diagnosis, and management
Daniel Aletaha, MD, MSc
Chapter 199, Management of osteoporosis
Associate Professor of Internal Medicine Nigel K. Arden, MBBS, FRCP, MSc, MD
Steven B. Abramson, MD Division of Rheumatology Professor
Frederick H. King Professor of Internal Medicine Medical University of Vienna Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics,
Chair, Department of Medicine Vienna, Austria Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences
Professor of Medicine and Pathology Chapter 101, Assessment of the patient with University of Oxford
New York University Langone Medical Center rheumatoid arthritis and the measurement of Oxford, United Kingdom;
New York, New York outcomes Professor in Rheumatic Diseases and Consultant
Chapter 24, The microbiome in rheumatic diseases Rheumatologist
Ilias Alevizos, DMD, MMSc, MPH, PhD Medical Research Council
Jonathan D. Adachi, BSc, MD, FRCPC Investigator, Sjögren’s Syndrome Clinic University of Southampton
Alliance for Better Bone Health Chair in Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch Southampton, United Kingdom
Rheumatology National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Chapter 188, Management of osteoarthritis
Professor, Department of Medicine Research
McMaster University Michael G. DeGroote School National Institutes of Health Martin Aringer, MD
of Medicine Bethesda, Maryland Professor of Medicine (Rheumatology)
St Joseph’s Healthcare Chapter 147, Sjögren syndrome Department of Medicine III, Division of
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Rheumatology
Chapter 200, Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis Kavitta B. Allem, MD University Clinical Center Carl Gustav Carus at the
Physician TU Dresden
Michael A. Adams, PhD Division of Rheumatology Dresden, Germany
Professor of Biomechanics Scripps Clinic Chapter 11, Signal transduction in immune cells
Centre for Applied Anatomy La Jolla, California
University of Bristol Chapter 67, Immunosuppressive agents: cyclosporine, Elizabeth V. Arkema, ScM, ScD
Bristol, United Kingdom; cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, mycophenolate Assistant Professor of Clinical Epidemiology
Visiting Professor mofetil, and tacrolimus Department of Medicine
Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Karolinska Institutet
Zheijang University Mohammed Almehthel, MD, ABIM, FRCPC Stockholm, Sweden
Hangzhou, China Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine Chapter 25, Principles of epidemiology
Chapter 7, Biomechanics of spinal degeneration Division of Endocrinology
University of British Columbia Dana P. Ascherman, MD
Rohit Aggarwal, MD, MS Vancouver, Canada Associate Professor of Medicine
Associate Professor of Medicine Chapter 51, Dual x-ray absorptiometry and Division of Rheumatology
Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology measurement of bone University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Miami, Florida
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Mohamed Almohaya, MD Chapter 156, Classification, epidemiology, and clinical
Chapter 156, Classification, epidemiology, and clinical Endocrinologist features of inflammatory muscle disease
features of inflammatory muscle disease Obesity, Endocrine and Metabolism Center
King Fahad Medical City Sergei P. Atamas, MD, PhD
Prof. Dr. Thomas Aigner Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Professor of Medicine and Microbiology &
Institut für Pathologie Clinical Fellow, Metabolic Bone Disorders Immunology
Klinikum Coburg Endocrinology Department University of Maryland School of Medicine;
Coburg, Germany University of British Columbia Research Health Scientist
Chapter 183, Pathogenesis and pathology of Vancouver, Canada Baltimore VA Medical Center
osteoarthritis Chapter 51, Dual x-ray absorptiometry and Baltimore, Maryland
measurement of bone Chapter 10, Principles of adaptive immunity
Shizuo Akira, MD, PhD
Professor Elena Riera Alonso, MD Timothy J. Atkinson, PharmD
Laboratory of Host Defense Division of Rheumatology Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Pain Management
WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center Hospital Mútua Terrassa Pharmacy Service
Osaka University Barcelona, Spain VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System
Osaka, Japan Chapter 173, Adult-onset Still disease Murfreesboro, Tennessee
Chapter 9, Principles of innate immunity Chapter 62, Principles of pharmacologic pain
management
vii
viii CONTRIBUTORS
Maha A. Azeez, MB BCh BAO, BSc, MD, MRCPI Les Barnsley, B.Med(Hons), Grad.Dip.Epi., PhD, Kim L. Bennell, BAppSci(physio), PhD
Nuffield Institute of Orthopedics, Rheumatology, FRACP, FAFRM(RACP) Professor of Physiotherapy
and Musculoskeletal Sciences Associate Professor of Medicine Director, Centre for Health, Exercise, and Sports
University of Oxford Sydney University Medicine
Botnar Research Centre Sydney, Australia; University of Melbourne
Headington, United Kingdom Head, Department of Rheumatology Melbourne, Australia
Chapter 72, Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors Concord Hospital Chapter 55, Principles of rehabilitation: physical and
Concord, Australia occupational therapy
Pedro M. Azevedo, MD, PhD
Chapter 80, Neck pain
Assistant Professor of Rheumatology Michael W. Beresford, MBChB, PhD
Evangelical University Hospital of Curitiba Andrew J. Barr, MBBS, PhD Brough Chair, Professor of Child Health,
Curitiba, Brazil Clinical Research Fellow Institute of Translational Medicine
Chapter 117, Acute rheumatic fever Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal University of Liverpool
Medicine Honorary Consultant Paediatric Rheumatologist
Alan N. Baer, MD, FACP
University of Leeds Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust
Associate Professor of Medicine Chapel Allerton Hospital Liverpool, United Kingdom
Division of Rheumatology Leeds, United Kingdom Chapter 111, Connective tissue diseases in children
Director, Jerome L. Greene Sjögren’s Syndrome Center
Chapter 185, Imaging of osteoarthritis
Johns Hopkins University; Brian Berman, MD
Clinical Director Joan M. Bathon, MD Professor of Family and Community Medicine
Johns Hopkins Rheumatology Professor of Medicine Director, Center for Integrative Medicine
Good Samaritan Hospital Division of Rheumatology University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland Columbia University College of Physicians and Baltimore, Maryland
Chapter 147, Sjögren syndrome Surgeons Chapter 58, Complementary and alternative medicine
New York, New York
Dominique Baeten, MD, PhD Bonnie L. Bermas, MD
Chapter 103, Management of established rheumatoid
Professor of Rheumatology arthritis Assistant Professor of Medicine
Department of Clinical Immunology and Division of Rheumatology
Rheumatology Angela Bauch, PhD Harvard Medical School
University of Amsterdam CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of Director, Lupus Center
Academic Medical Center the Austrian Academy of Sciences Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Amsterdam, The Netherlands Vienna, Austria Boston, Massachusetts
Chapter 122, Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of axial Chapter 22, Proteomics Chapter 59, Drugs and pregnancy
spondyoarthritis
Anne-Christine Bay-Jensen, mMBS, MSc, PhD George Bertsias, MD, PhD
Colin P. Baines, MBChB, MRCP(UK)
Head, Department of Rheumatology Assistant Professor in Rheumatology-Clinical
Specialty Doctor Division of Biomarkers and Research Immunology
Departments of General and Vascular Medicine Nordic Bioscience University of Crete;
Ninewells Hospital and Medical School Herlev, Denmark Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy
Dundee, United Kingdom Chapter 198, Biochemical markers in bone disease University Hospital of Iraklio
Chapter 154, Raynaud phenomenon Iraklio, Greece
Jill J.F. Belch, MBChB, MD (Hons), FRCP, FRS
Alejandro Balsa, MD, PhD Chapter 145, Management of renal lupus
Professor of Vascular Medicine
Head, Department of Rheumatology
Division of Clinical and Molecular Medicine Sonal Bhalla, MD
Hospital Universitario La Paz
Ninewells Hospital and Medical School Fellow, Department of Rheumatology
Associate Professor of Rheumatology
Dundee, United Kingdom Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center
Department of Medicine
Chapter 154, Raynaud phenomenon Lebanon, New Hampshire
Universidad Autonoma
Chapter 120, Inflammatory back pain
Madrid, Spain Nicholas Bellamy, MD, MSc, MBA, DSc, FRCP(C),
Chapter 113, Bacterial arthritis FRCP (Glasg, Edin), FACP, FRACP Yelda Bilginer, MD
Emeritus Professor Associate Professor of Pediatric Nephrology and
Xenofon Baraliakos, MD
Centre for Chronic Disease Rheumatology
Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet
The University of Queensland School of Medicine Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine
Ruhr-University Bochum
Herston, Australia Ankara, Turkey
Herne, Germany
Chapter 26, Principles of clinical outcome assessment Chapter 169, IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Schoenlein
Chapter 125, Imaging of spondyloarthritis
Purpura)
Teresita Bellido, PhD
Thomas Bardin, MD
Professor Julius Birnbaum, MD
Professor of Rheumatology
Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Assistant Professor of Medicine
Université Paris 7;
Internal Medicine (Endocrinology) Assistant Professor of Neurology
Head, Department of Rheumatology
Indiana University School of Medicine Associate Director, Jerome L. Greene Sjögren’s
Hôpital Lariboisière
Roudebush VA Medical Center Syndrome Center
Paris, France
Indianapolis, Indiana Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Chapter 214, Miscellaneous arthropathies
Chapter 3, Bone structure and function Baltimore, Maryland
Jammie K. Barnes, MD Chapter 41, The nervous system in rheumatic disease
Michael Benjamin, PhD†
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Division of Rheumatology Professor Emeritus Jane F. Bleasel, MB BS, PhD, MHPE, FRACP
University of Texas Health Science Center Houston School of Biosciences Professor of Rheumatology
McGovern School of Medicine Cardiff University Royal Prince Alfred Hospital
Houston, Texas Cardiff, United Kingdom Sydney Medical School
Chapter 149, Classification and epidemiology of Chapter 132, Enthesopathies University of Sydney
Sydney, Australia
systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
Chapter 208, Hemophilia and von Willebrand disease
†Deceased.
CONTRIBUTORS ix
Joel A. Block, MD Richard D. Brasington, Jr., MD Gerd-Rüdiger Burmester, MD
The Willard L. Wood MD Professor and Director Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine
Division of Rheumatology Division of Rheumatology Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology
Rush University Medical Center Washington University School of Medicine in St. Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Chicago, Illinois Louis Berlin, Germany
Chapter 181, Clinical features of osteoarthritis St. Louis, Missouri Chapter 33, Laboratory tests in rheumatic disorders
Chapter 94, Clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis
Ashley W. Blom, MBChB, MD, PhD, FRCS Jane C. Burns, MD
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Prof. Dr. Jürgen Braun Professor of Pediatrics
Musculoskeletal Research Unit Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet Director, Kawasaki Disease Research Center
University of Bristol Ruhr-University Bochum University of California San Diego School of
Bristol, United Kingdom Herne, Germany Medicine
Chapter 61, Long-term complications of total hip and Chapter 125, Imaging of spondyloarthritis La Jolla, California;
knee replacement Director, Kawasaki Disease Clinic
Elisabeth Brouwer, MD, PhD Rady Children’s Hospital-San Diego
Markus Böhm, MD Department of Rheumatology and Clinical San Diego, California
Professor of Dermatology Immunology Chapter 168, Kawasaki disease
University of Münster University of Groningen, University Medical Center
Münster, Germany Groningen David B. Burr, PhD
Chapter 35, The skin in rheumatic disease Groningen, The Netherlands Distinguished Professor
Chapter 162, Biology and immunopathogenesis of Associate Vice Chancellor for Research (IUPUI)
Michael Bonelli, PhD vasculitis Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana
Fellow University School of Medicine
Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch Jacques P. Brown, MD, FRCPC Department of Biomedical Engineering, IUPUI
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Clinical Professor of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana
and Skin Diseases Université Laval; Chapter 3, Bone structure and function
National Institutes of Health Division of Infectious Disease and Immunity
Bethesda, Maryland CHU de Québec Research Centre Frank Buttgereit, MD
Chapter 11, Signal transduction in immune cells Québec City, Canada Professor of Rheumatology and Clinical
Chapter 203, Paget disease of bone Immunology
Grace Borchert Charité University Medicine Berlin
Research Assistant Matthew A. Brown, MBBS, MD, FRACP, FAHMS, Berlin, Germany
Translational Research Institute FAA Chapter 64, Systemic glucocorticoids in rheumatology
The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute Professor of Immunogenetics
Brisbane, Australia Director of Genomics Vivian P. Bykerk, MD
Chapter 124, Animal models of spondyloarthritis Queensland University of Technology Associate Professor of Medicine
Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Hospital for Special Surgery
Christina A. Boros, MBBS, PhD, FRACP Translational Research Institute New York, New York
Honorary Research Fellow Princess Alexandra Hospital Chapter 65, Synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic
Division of Infection, Inflammation and Brisbane, Australia drugs and leflunomide
Rheumatology Chapter 123, Genetics of axial spondyloarthritis
UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Leonard H. Calabrese, DO
London, United Kingdom; Ian N. Bruce, MD, FRCP Professor of Medicine
Senior Lecturer Professor of Rheumatology Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
Discipline of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit Case Western University
University of Adelaide The University of Manchester Vice Chairman, Department of Rheumatic and
Head, Rheumatology Unit Manchester, United Kingdom Immunological Diseases
Women’s and Children’s Hospital Chapter 128, Clinical features of psoriatic arthritis R.J. Fasenmyer Chair of Clinical Immunology
Adelaide, Australia Theodore F. Classen DO Chair of Osteopathic
Chapter 111, Connective tissue diseases in children Maya H. Buch, MBChB, FRCP, PhD Research and Education
Associate Professor and Honorary Consultant Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Dimitrios T. Boumpas, MD, FACP Rheumatologist Cleveland, Ohio
Professor of Internal Medicine Section Head, Clinical Musculoskeletal Medicine Chapter 115, Viral infections
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Deputy Director, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and
Medical School Musculoskeletal Medicine Jeffrey P. Callen, MD
Sotiria General Hospital for Pulmonary and Heart University of Leeds Professor of Medicine (Dermatology)
Diseases; Leeds, United Kingdom Chief, Division of Dermatology
Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Chapter 102, Management of early rheumatoid arthritis University of Louisville School of Medicine
4th Department of Internal Medicine Louisville, Kentucky
Attikon University Hospital; Christopher D. Buckley, MBBS, DPhil Chapter 170, Cutaneous vasculitis and panniculitis
Affiliated Investigator Professor of Medicine
Immunobiology Rheumatology Research Group Andrew J. Carr, DSc, MA, ChM, FRCS
Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Institute of Inflammation and Ageing Nuffield Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Athens University of Birmingham Head, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics,
Athens, Greece Birmingham, United Kingdom Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences
Chapter 145, Management of renal lupus Chapter 1, The synovium Director, Botnar Research Centre
University of Oxford
Aline Bozec, PhD William D. Bugbee, MD Oxford, United Kingdom
Professor of Rheumatology and Immunology Attending Physician Chapter 4, Tendons and ligaments
Department of Internal Medicine 3 Division of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Faculty of Scripps Clinic
Medicine La Jolla, California;
Erlangen, Germany Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Chapter 16, Osteoimmunology University of California, San Diego
San Diego, California
Chapter 85, The hip
x CONTRIBUTORS
Graeme J. Carroll, MBBS, MD, FRACP Lorinda Chung, MD, MS Robert G. Cooper, MD, FRCP
Assistant Professor of Medicine Associate Professor of Medicine and Dermatology Professor of Medicine (Muscle and Rheumatology)
University of Notre Dame School of Medicine Division of Immunology and Rheumatology Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease
Fremantle, Australia; Stanford University School of Medicine University of Liverpool
Consultant Physician Stanford, California Liverpool, United Kingdom
Division of Rheumatology Chapter 158, Clinical significance of autoantibodies in Chapter 42, The muscles in rheumatic disease
Fiona Stanley Hospital inflammatory muscle disease
Perth, Australia Karen H. Costenbader, MD, MPH
Chapter 210, Hemochromatosis Francesco Ciccia, MD, PhD Co-Director, Lupus Center
Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy
Sabrina Cavallo, BSc (OT), MSc Specialistica Brigham and Women’s Hospital;
Ecole de Santé Publique Università degli Studi di Palermo Associate Professor of Medicine
Université de Montréal; Palermo, Italy Harvard Medical School
Occupational Therapist Chapter 166, Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell Boston, Massachusetts
Department of Occupational Therapy arteritis Chapter 133, Epidemiology and classification of
Montreal Children’s Hospital of the McGill systemic lupus erythematosus
University Health Centre Daniel J. Clauw, MD
Montréal, Canada Professor of Anesthesiology, Medicine George L.D. Cox, BMedSci, BMBS, MD,
Chapter 112, Rehabilitation and psychosocial issues in (Rheumatology) and Psychiatry FRCS(T&O)
juvenile idiopathic arthritis Director, Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center Consultant
University of Michigan Medical School Departments of Trauma and Orthopaedics
Ricard Cervera, MD, PhD, FRCP Ann Arbor, Michigan University Hospital Southampton
Head, Department of Autoimmune Diseases Chapter 91, Fibromyalgia and related syndromes Southampton, United Kingdom
Hospital Clínic Chapter 82, The shoulder
University of Barcelona Jacqui Clinch, MBBS, MRCP, FRCPCH
Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Consultant in Paediatric Rheumatology Paul Creamer, MD, FRCP
Chapter 143, Management of nonrenal and non– Bristol Royal Hospital for Children Consultant and Senior Clinical Lecturer
central nervous system lupus Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Rheumatology
Consultant in Paediatric Pain North Bristol Trust
Prateek Chaudhary, DO, MPH Bath Centre for Pain Services Bristol, United Kingdom
Fellow Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases Chapter 205, Neuropathic arthropathy
Division of Rheumatology and Immunology Bath, United Kingdom
Duke University Medical Center Chapter 216, Hypermobility syndrome Bruce N. Cronstein, MD
Durham, North Carolina Paul R. Esserman Professor of Medicine
Chapter 146, Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnant Megan E.B. Clowse, MD, MPH Division of Rheumatology
patients and neonatal lupus Assistant Professor of Medicine New York University School of Medicine
Division of Rheumatology and Immunology New York, New York
Hyon K. Choi, MD, DrPH Duke University Medical Center Chapter 79, Precision medicine and pharmacogenomics
Professor of Medicine Durham, North Carolina in rheumatology
Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Chapter 146, Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnant
Immunology patients and neonatal lupus Raymond Cross, MD, MS
Harvard Medical School; Associate Professor of Medicine
Director, Gout and Crystal Arthropathy Center J. Gerard Coghlan, MD, FRCP University of Maryland School of Medicine
Director, Clinical Epidemiology and Health Consultant Cardiologist Baltimore, Maryland
Outcomes Royal Free Hospital Chapter 39, The gastrointestinal tract and rheumatic
Massachusetts General Hospital London, United Kingdom disease
Boston, Massachusetts Chapter 37, The heart in rheumatic disease
Maurizio Cutolo, MD
Chapter 189, Epidemiology and classification of gout
Robert A. Colbert, MD, PhD Professor of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine
Ernest H. Choy, MD, FRCP Senior Investigator Director, Research Laboratories and Academic Unit
Professor of Medicine National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and of Clinical Rheumatology
Cardiff University School of Medicine Skin Diseases Director, Postgraduate Academic School of
Section of Rheumatology National Institutes of Health Rheumatology
Institute of Infection and Immunity Bethesda, Maryland University of Genova
Cardiff, United Kingdom Chapter 108, Etiology and pathogenesis of juvenile Genova, Italy
Chapter 74, Inhibitors of T-cell co-stimulation idiopathic arthritis Chapter 15, Neuroendocrine immune crosstalk in
chronic inflammatory systemic diseases
Lisa Christopher-Stine, MD, MPH Philip G. Conaghan, MBBS, PhD, FRACP, FRCP
Associate Professor of Medicine (Rheumatology) Professor of Musculoskeletal Medicine Chris D’Adamo, PhD
and Neurology Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Assistant Professor
Director, Johns Hopkins Myositis Center Medicine Department of Family and Community Medicine
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine University of Leeds; Assistant Professor
Baltimore, Maryland Deputy Director Department of Epidemiology and Public Health
Chapter 160, Metabolic, drug-induced, and other National Institute for Health Research Director of Research
noninflammatory myopathies Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit Center for Integrative Medicine
Leeds, United Kingdom University of Maryland School of Medicine
Alvina D. Chu, MD Chapter 185, Imaging of osteoarthritis Baltimore, Maryland
Adjunct Clinical Instructor Chapter 58, Complementary and alternative medicine
Division of Immunology and Rheumatology Cyrus Cooper, FMedSci
Stanford University School of Medicine Professor and Director Vivette D. D’Agati, MD
Palo Alto, California MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit Professor of Pathology
Pharmacyclics LLC, an AbbVie Company University of Southampton Columbia University College of Physicians and
Sunnyvale, California Southampton, United Kingdom Surgeons
Chapter 142, Assessing disease activity and outcomes Chapter 195, Epidemiology and classification of Director, Renal Pathology Laboratory
in systemic lupus erythematosus osteoporosis Columbia University Medical Center
New York, New York
Chapter 137, Immunopathology of systemic lupus
erythematosus
CONTRIBUTORS xi
David I. Daikh, MD, PhD Chad L. Deal, MD Paul Emery, MD, MA, FMedSci, FRCP
Professor of Medicine Associate Professor of Medicine Arthritis Research UK Professor of Rheumatology
University of California, San Francisco; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Director, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and
Chief, Arthritis Section Case Western Reserve University Musculoskeletal Medicine
San Francisco VA Medical Center Cleveland, Ohio University of Leeds;
San Francisco, California Chapter 199, Management of osteoporosis Director, NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical
Chapter 138, Animal models of systemic lupus Research Centre
erythematosus Kevin D. Deane, MD, PhD Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust
Associate Professor of Medicine Leeds, United Kingdom
Stephanie G. Dakin, PhD, BVetMed, MRCVS Division of Rheumatology Chapter 75, Inhibitors of B cells
Oxford UCB Prize Fellow University of Colorado School of Medicine
Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Aurora, Colorado Gerard Espinosa, MD, PhD
Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences Chapter 93, Preclinical rheumatoid arthritis Department of Autoimmune Diseases
University of Oxford Hospital Clínic
Oxford, United Kingdom Paul F. Dellaripa, MD University of Barcelona
Chapter 4, Tendons and ligaments Associate Professor of Medicine Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Harvard Medical School; Chapter 143, Management of nonrenal and non–
Nicola Dalbeth, MBChB, MD, FRACP Division of Rheumatology central nervous system lupus
Professor and Rheumatologist Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Department of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts Luis R. Espinoza, MD
University of Auckland Chapter 38, The lung in rheumatic disease Professor and Chief
Auckland, New Zealand Department of Internal Medicine
Chapter 190, Etiology and pathogenesis of gout Elaine Dennison, MB, BChir, MSc, FRCP, PhD LSU Health Science Center
Professor of Musculoskeletal Epidemiology Louisiana State University
Aileen M. Davis, BScPT, MSc, PhD MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit New Orleans, Louisiana
Senior Scientist, Health Care, and Outcomes Southampton University Chapter 114, Mycobacterial, brucellar, fungal, and
Research Southampton, United Kingdom; parasitic arthritis
Toronto Western Research Institute Professor of Clinical Research
University Health Network; School of Biological Sciences Stephen Eyre, PhD
Professor Victoria University Research Associate
Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Wellington, New Zealand Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit
Evaluation Chapter 195, Epidemiology and classification of The University of Manchester
Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate osteoporosis Manchester, United Kingdom
Department of Rehabilitation Science Chapter 28, Principles of genetic epidemiology
University of Toronto Christopher P. Denton, PhD
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Professor of Experimental Rheumatology Antonis C. Fanouriakis, MD
Chapter 186, Assessment of the patient with Consultant Rheumatologist Research Associate
osteoarthritis and measurement of outcomes Centre for Rheumatology Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology
University College London 4th Dept of Internal Medicine
David P. D’Cruz, MD, FRCP Royal Free Hospital Attikon University Hospital
Consultant Rheumatologist London, United Kingdom Athens, Greece
The Louise Coote Lupus Unit Chapter 150, Clinical and serologic features of systemic Chapter 145, Management of renal lupus
St. Thomas’ Hospital sclerosis
London, United Kingdom Joshua Farber, MD
Chapter 37, The heart in rheumatic disease Paul Dieppe, BSc, MD, FRCP, FFPH Senior Investigator
Emeritus Professor of Health and Wellbeing Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, DIR
Karel De Ceulaer, MD, Dipl Rheum University of Exeter Medical School National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Consultant Rheumatologist Exeter, United Kingdom National Institutes of Health
Department of Medicine Chapter 57, Placebos, caring, and healing in Bethesda, Maryland
University of the West Indies rheumatology Chapter 12, Cytokines
Kingston, Jamaica
Patricia Dolan, PhD Anders Fasth, MD, PhD
Chapter 209, Sickle cell disease and other
hemoglobinopathies Reader in Biomechanics Professor, Department of Pediatrics
Centre for Applied Anatomy University of Gothenburg
Adriana A. de Jesus, MD, PhD University of Bristol Consultant, Department of Pediatric Immunology
Staff Scientist Bristol, United Kingdom; The Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital
Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Studies Visiting Professor Gothenburg, Sweden
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Chapter 107, Clinical features of juvenile idiopathic
National Institutes of Health Zheijang University arthritis
Bethesda, Maryland Hanghzhou, China
Eugen Feist, MD
Chapter 174, Monogenic autoinflammatory diseases Chapter 7, Biomechanics of spinal degeneration
Professor of Medicine
Salvatore De Vita, MD Tracy J. Doyle, MD, MPH Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology
Professor of Rheumatology Instructor in Medicine Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Department of Medical Area Harvard Medical School Berlin, Germany
University of Udine; Pulmonary and Critical Care Division Chapter 33, Laboratory tests in rheumatic disorders
Chief, Rheumatology Clinic Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Academic Hospital ‘S. Maria della Misericordia’ Boston, Massachusetts Candace H. Feldman, MD, MPH, ScD
Udine, Italy Chapter 38, The lung in rheumatic disease Associate Physician
Chapter 171, Cryoglobulinemia Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy
George S.M. Dyer, MD Brigham and Women’s Hospital;
Maarten de Wit, PhD Assistant Professor of Orthopedic Surgery Assistant Professor of Medicine
Department of Medical Humanities Harvard Medical School Harvard Medical School
VU University Medical Centre Orthopaedic Hand Surgeon Boston, Massachusetts
Amsterdam, The Netherlands Brigham and Women’s Hospital Chapter 133, Epidemiology and classification of
Chapter 52, The patient perspective Boston, Massachusetts systemic lupus erythematosus
Chapter 84, The wrist and hand