FFrroonntt CCoovveerr 11 EEddiittoorrss aanndd AAuutthhoorrss 33 DDeeddiiccaattiioonn 1166 FFoorreewwoorrdd 1177 PPrreeffaaccee 2200 AAcckknnoowwlleeddggmmeennttss 2233 II -- CClliinniiccaall,, LLaabboorraattoorryy,, aanndd RRaaddiioollooggiicc FFeeaattuurreess 11 -- EEppiiddeemmiioollooggyy 2244 22 -- CClliinniiccaall FFeeaattuurreess aanndd DDiiffffeerreennttiiaall DDiiaaggnnoossiiss 6677 33 -- PPrrooggnnoossiiss aanndd CClliinniiccaall CCoouurrssee 111155 44 -- SSeellff--RReeppoorrtt QQuueessttiioonnnnaaiirreess iinn CClliinniiccaall CCaarree 117755 55 -- CClliinniiccaall aanndd LLaabboorraattoorryy MMeeaassuurreess 220066 66 -- AAuuttooaannttiibbooddiieess aanndd OOtthheerr LLaabboorraattoorryy TTeessttss 224499 77 -- RRaaddiiooggrraapphhiicc FFiinnddiinnggss 331100 88 -- MMeeaassuurreemmeenntt ooff RRaaddiioollooggiicc OOuuttccoommeess 333388 99 -- UUllttrraassoonnooggrraapphhyy aanndd MMRRII ffoorr DDiiaaggnnoossiiss aanndd MMaannaaggeemmeenntt 336622 IIII -- PPaatthhooggeenneessiiss 1100 -- GGeenneettiicc DDeetteerrmmiinnaannttss 339933 1111 -- PPaatthhoollooggyy 443355 1122 -- RRoollee ooff CCyyttookkiinneess 448811 1133 -- AAnnggiiooggeenneessiiss aanndd LLeeuukkooccyyttee RReeccrruuiittmmeenntt 553322 1144 -- NNeeuuttrroopphhiillss aanndd SSmmaallll MMoolleeccuullee MMeeddiiaattoorrss 557722 1155 -- CCoommpplleemmeenntt aanndd OOtthheerr AAssppeeccttss ooff IInnnnaattee IImmmmuunniittyy 662266 1166 -- TT CCeellllss iinn tthhee PPaatthhooggeenneessiiss ooff RRhheeuummaattooiidd AArrtthhrriittiiss 665555 1177 -- AAuuttooiimmmmuunniittyy 669977 1188 -- IImmmmuunnoosseenneesscceennccee aanndd TT--CCeellll BBiioollooggyy iinn RRhheeuummaattooiidd AArrtthhrriittiiss 775577 1199 -- SSyynnoovviiaall FFiibbrroobbllaassttss 779933 2200 -- CCaarrttiillaaggee aanndd BBoonnee DDeeggrraaddaattiioonn 882233 2211 -- MMeecchhaanniissmmss ooff JJooiinntt DDaammaaggee iinn RRhheeuummaattooiidd AArrtthhrriittiiss 886622 2222 -- AAnniimmaall MMooddeellss 990066 IIIIII -- TThheerraappyy 2233 -- NNoonnsstteerrooiiddaall AAnnttiiiinnffllaammmmaattoorryy DDrruuggss aanndd AAnnaallggeessiiccss 995511 2244 -- CCoorrttiiccoosstteerrooiiddss 999933 2255 -- MMeetthhoottrreexxaattee aanndd AAzzaatthhiioopprriinnee 11004422 2266 -- SSuullffaassaallaazziinnee 11008855 2277 -- GGoolldd CCoommppoouunnddss aanndd AAnnttiimmaallaarriiaallss 11111155 2288 -- MMiinnooccyycclliinnee 11114477 2299 -- CCyycclloossppoorriinnee 11117744 3300 -- LLeefflluunnoommiiddee 11221100 31 - Etanercept 1234 32 - Antibodies to Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha - Infliximab and Adalimumab 1257 33 - Anakinra, Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist 1299 34 - Staphylococcal Protein A Columns 1329 35 - Combination Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drug Therapy 1352 36 - Treatment of Early Disease 1380 37 - Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 1397 38 - Physical Therapy 1427 39 - Occupational Therapy 1446 40 - Medical Aspects of Surgery 1473 41 - Total Joint Arthroplasty 1505 42 - Hand and Wrist Surgery 1529 43 - Foot and Ankle Surgery 1555 44 - Cervical Spine Surgery 1582 45 - Extraarticular Disease 1608 IV - Special Management Issues 46 - Pregnancy 1650 47 - Osteoporosis 1679 48 - Depression 1724 Appendices A - 1987 Revised Criteria for the Classification of Rheu matoid Arthritis, Traditional Format 1754 B - American College of Rheumatology Preliminary Definition of Improvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis 1756 C - Paulus Criteria for Improvement of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis 1758 D - Disease Activity Score, Disease Activity Score 28, and European League Against Rheumatism Response Criteria 1759 E - Clinical Health Assessment Questionnaire 1763 F - Clinical Health Assessment Questionnaire II 1768 Rheumatoid Arthritis by E. William St. Clair Rheumatoid Arthritis are thoroughly covered in order to provide a firm foundation for the main focus of the text: therapy and clinical management of the disease Contents Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiologic Features 1. Epidemiology 2. Clinical Features and Differential Diagnosis 3. Prognosis and Clinical Course 4. Self-Report Questionnaires in Clinical Care 5. Clinical and Laboratory Measures 6. Autoantibodies and Other Laboratory Tests 7. Radiographic Findings 8. Measurement of Radiologic Outcomes 9. Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Diagnosis and Management Pathogenesis 10. Genetic Determinants 11. Pathology 12. Role of Cytokines 13. Angiogenesis and Leukocyte Recruitment 14. Neutrphils and Small Molecule Mediators 15. Complement and Other Aspects of Innate Immunity 16. T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis 17. Autoimmunity 18. Immunosenescence and T-Cell Biology in Rheumatoid Arthritis 19. Synovial Fibroblasts 20. Cartilage and Bone Degradation 21. Mechanisms of Joint Damage in Rheumatoid Arthritis 22. Animal Models Therapy 23. Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Analgesics 24. Corticosteroids 25. Methotrexate and Azathioprine 26. Sulfasalazine 27. Gold Compounds and Antimalarials 28. Minocycline 29. Cyclosporine 30. 31. 32. 27. 28. 29. 30. Leflunomide 31. Etanercept 32. Antibodies to Tumor Necrosis Factor: Infliximab and Adalimumab 33. Anakinra 34. Staphylococcal Protein A Columns 35. Combination Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drug Therapy 36. Treatment of Early Disease 37. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 38. Physical Therapy 39. Occupational Therapy 40. Medical Aspects of Surgery 41. Total Joints Arthroplasty 42. Hand and Wrist Surgery 43. Foot and Ankle Surgery 44. Cervical Spine Surgery Special Management Issues 45. Extraarticular Disease 46. Pregnancy 47. Osteoporosis 48. Depression Editors: St. Clair, E. William; Pisetsky, David S.; Haynes, Barton F. Title: Rheumatoid Arthritis, 1st Edition Copyright ©2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins > Front of Book > Editors EDITORS E. William St. Clair MD PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE AND IMMUNOLOGY DEPARTMENTS OF MEDICINE AND IMMUNOLOGY, DIVISION OF RHEUMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER, DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA David S. Pisetsky MD, PHD PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE AND IMMUNOLOGY DEPARTMENTS OF MEDICINE AND IMMUNOLOGY, DIVISION OF RHEUMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY; CHIEF OF RHEUMATOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER, DURHAM VA MEDICAL CENTER, DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA Barton F. Haynes MD FREDERIC M. HANES PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE; PROFESSOR OF IMMUNOLOGY DEPARTMENTS OF MEDICINE AND IMMUNOLOGY, DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE; DIRECTOR, HUMAN VACCINE INSTITUTE, DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER, DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA WITH CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Secondary Editors Danette Somers Acquisitions Editor Lisa Consoli Developmental Editor Mary Ann McLaughlin Supervising Editor Kate Sallwasser Production Editor Silverchair Science + Communications Colin Warnock Manufacturing Manager Brian Crede Cover Designer Compositor: Silverchair Science + Communications Printer: Quebecor World-Kingsport Contributing Authors Steven B. Abramson MD Professor of Medicine and Pathology Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York Graciela S. Alarc ³n MD, MPH Jane Knight Lowe Chair of Medicine in Rheumatology Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama Ronald J. Anderson MD Associate Professor Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Evangelos T. H. Andreakos BSc, DIC, PhD Senior Research Fellow Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom William P. Arend MD Scoville Professor of Rheumatology Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado John Patterson Atkinson MD Samuel B. Grant Professor of Medicine; Professor of Molecular Biology Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri Catherine L. Backman PhD, OT(C) Associate Professor School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine; Research Scientist, Arthritis Research Centre of Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Philip E. Blazar MD Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Orthopaedics, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Ferdinand C. Breedveld MD Professor Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Fionula M. Brennan BSc, PhD Professor of Cytokine Immunopathology Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom S. Louis Bridges Jr. MD, PhD Associate Professor Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama Nathalie D. Burg MD Postdoctoral Fellow Laboratory of Blood and Vascular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York Lisa C. Campbell PhD Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Grant W. Cannon MD Professor of Medicine Division of Rheumatology, University of Utah School of Medicine; Associate Chief of Staff for Academic Affiliations, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah Wayne K. Cheng MD Instructor Department of Orthopaedics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California Philip G. Conaghan MB, MS, FRACP Senior Lecturer Department of Musculoskeletal Disease, University of Leeds School of Medicine, Honorary Consultant, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom R. Lee Cothran Jr. MD Clinical Associate Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Leslie J. Crofford MD Associate Professor Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan Anne Davidson MBBS Professor Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York Paola de Pablo MD, MPH Postdoctoral Fellow Department of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Mark E. Easley MD Assistant Professor of Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Paul Emery MA, MD, FRCP ARC Professor of Rheumatology; Head of Academic Unit of Musculoskeletal Disease Department of Musculoskeletal Disease, University of Leeds Medical School; Clinical Director, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom Angela Fairleigh OT (Reg) BC Department of Occupational Therapy, Mary Pack Arthritis Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Marc Feldmann MBBS, BSc, PhD, FRCP, FRCPath Professor of Immunology Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom Beverley F. Fermor PhD Assistant Professor Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Brian M. J. Foxwell BSc, PhD Professor of Immune Cell Signaling Department of Cytokine Biology and Cellular Immunology, Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom Daniel E. Furst AB, MD Carl M. Pearson Professor of Rheumatology Department of Rheumatology, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California Cem Gabay MD Associate Professor of Medicine Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology/Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Sherine E. Gabriel MD, MSc Professor of Medicine (Rheumatology) and Epidemiology Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Renate E. Gay MD Professor of Experimental Rheumatology Department of Rheumatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland Steffen Gay MD Professor of Experimental Rheumatology Department of Rheumatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland Mary B. Goldring PhD Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, New England Baptist Bone & Joint Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Steven R. Goldring MD Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, New England Baptist Bone & Joint Institute, Boston, Massachusetts J ¶rg J. Goronzy MD, PhD Professor of Medicine Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia Peter K. Gregersen MD Professor of Medicine and Pathology Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, North Shore LIJ Research Institute, Manhasset, New York Farshid Guilak PhD Associate Professor Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Boulos Haraoui MD, FRCPC Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine, Universit © de Montr ©al, Faculty of Medicine, CHUM, H ´pital Notre-Dome, Montr ©al, Quebec, Canada Barton F. Haynes MD Frederic M. Hanes Professor of Medicine; Professor of Immunology
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