Rhetorical Grammar: Grammatical Choices, Rhetorical Effects

307 Pages·2012·2.67 MB·English

by  Martha J. Kolln

Why Do You Need This New
Edition of Rhetorical Grammar?
If you’re wondering why ➍ There are new and revised prompts
that provide opportunities for
you should buy this new
group work.
edition, here are six good
➎ One-third of all the exercises are new and
reasons! have been written to help you practice
what you have learned.
❶ You’ll find new learning objectives at the ➏ Explanations of key concepts have been
beginning of each chapter that outline revised for clearer more effective under-
what you will learn in the chapter. standing. In addition, many examples have
been updated.
❷ Within each chapter, you will find exercises
for testing whether you have met those
objectives.
❸ New “Your Turn” activities ask you to use
what you already know to talk about your
own writing and about the writing of pub-
lished authors.
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Rhetorical Grammar
Grammatical Choices, Rhetorical Effects
Seventh edition
Martha Kolln
the Pennsylvania State University
Loretta Gray
Central Washington University
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kolln, Martha.
Rhetorical grammar : grammatical choices, rhetorical effects / Martha Kolln, Loretta
Gray.—7th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-321-84672-3
ISBN 0-321-84672-9
1. English language—Rhetoric. 2. English language—Grammar. I. Gray, Loretta S.
II. Title.
PE1408.K696 2012
808’.042—dc23 2012025459
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 10: 0-321-84672-9
ISBN 13: 978-0-321-84672-3
Contents
Preface xii
Acknowledgments xiv
Introduction 1
PART I
The Structure of Sentences 5
Chapter 1
A Review of Words and Phrases 6
Chapter Preview 6
Form Classes 6
nouns and verbs 7
the noun Phrase 8
the verb Phrase 10
nP + vP = S 10
Adjectives and Adverbs 12
Prepositional Phrases 14
Key terms 17
Chapter 2
Sentence Patterns 18
Chapter Preview 18
Rhetorical effects 18
the Be Patterns 20
the Linking verb Pattern 21
v
vi Contents
the intransitive verb Pattern 22
the Basic transitive verb Pattern 23
transitive Patterns with two Complements 24
Sentence Pattern Summary 26
the optional Adverbial 26
Questions and Commands 29
Punctuation and the Sentence Patterns 30
Basic Patterns in Prose 32
the Short Paragraph 35
Key terms 35
Rhetorical Reminders 35
Punctuation Reminder 35
Chapter 3
Our Versatile Verbs 36
Chapter Preview 36
the expanded verb 36
Using the expanded verbs 38
Special Uses of the Present tense 41
other Auxiliaries 41
do-Support 41
Modal Auxiliaries 42
the Passive voice 42
Forms of the Passive voice 43
Using the Passive voice 43
the obscure Agent 46
Well-Chosen verbs: Showing, not telling 48
Key terms 50
Rhetorical Reminders 50
Chapter 4
Coordination and Subordination 51
Chapter Preview 51
Coordination Within the Sentence 51
Parallel Structure 53
Coordination of the Series 54
Climax 55
Coordination with Correlative Conjunctions 56
Subject-verb Agreement 58
Compound Sentences 61
Conjunctive Adverbs and transitional Phrases 62
Compound Sentences with Semicolons 64
Contents vii
Compound Sentences with Colons 65
Punctuation Pitfalls 67
the Compound Sentence: Punctuation Review 69
Subordination: the dependent Clauses 71
Revising Compound Structures 73
Key terms 78
Rhetorical Reminders 78
Punctuation Reminders 79
PART II
Controlling the Message 81
Chapter 5
Cohesion 82
Chapter Preview 82
Reader expectation 82
Repetition 85
the Known–new Contract 86
the Role of Pronouns 90
Personal Pronouns 90
demonstrative Pronouns 91
the Role of the Passive voice 94
other Sentence inversions 95
Parallelism 97
Repetition versus Redundancy 98
Key terms 100
Rhetorical Reminders 100
Chapter 6
Sentence Rhythm 101
Chapter Preview 101
Your Sense of Rhythm 101
end Focus 102
Controlling Rhythm 104
the It-Cleft 105
the What-Cleft 107
the There-transformation 107
Rhythm and the Comma 109
Power Words 111
viii Contents
Correlative Conjunctions 112
Adverbials of emphasis 113
the Common Only 114
Key terms 116
Rhetorical Reminders 116
Punctuation Reminder 116
Chapter 7
The Writer’s Voice 117
Chapter Preview 117
tone 117
diction 120
Metaphor 123
verbs and Formality 125
nominalized verbs and Abstract Subjects 126
Contractions 128
Metadiscourse 130
Point of view 133
Key terms 136
Rhetorical Reminders 137
Punctuation Reminders 137
PART III
Making Choices: Form and Function 139
Chapter 8
Choosing Adverbials 141
Chapter Preview 141
the Movable Adverbials 141
Adverbs 144
Prepositional Phrases 145
the Proliferating Prepositional Phrase 145
noun Phrases 146
verb Phrases 147
dependent Clauses 148
Punctuation of Adverbial Clauses 151
the Movability of Adverbial Clauses 152
the Because-Clause Myth 153
the elliptical Adverbial Clause 154
Contents ix
Key terms 157
Rhetorical Reminders 157
Punctuation Reminders 157
Chapter 9
Choosing Adjectivals 158
Chapter Preview 158
the noun Phrase 158
Preheadword Modifiers 159
determiners 159
Adjectives and nouns 160
Modifier noun Proliferation 162
Postheadword Modifiers 162
Prepositional Phrases 162
Adjective Phrases 163
Participial Phrases 164
the Prenoun Participle 165
the Movable Participial Phrase 165
the dangling Participle 167
Relative Clauses 169
the Relatives 169
the Broad-Reference Clause 171
Punctuation of Phrases and Clauses 173
A Punctuation Rule Revisited 177
Key terms 177
Rhetorical Reminders 178
Punctuation Reminders 178
Chapter 10
Choosing Nominals 179
Chapter Preview 179
Appositives 179
Colons and dashes with Appositives 182
Avoiding Punctuation errors 183
the Sentence Appositive 184
nominal verb Phrases 185
Gerunds 185
the dangling Gerund 186
the Subject of the Gerund 187
infinitives 188
nominal Clauses 189
nominals as delayed Subjects 190