RF Systems, Components, and Circuits Handbook, Second Edition

504 Pages·2005·3.59 MB·English

by  Ferril Losee

RF Systems, Components,
and Circuits Handbook
Second Edition
For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Microwave Library,
turn to the back of this book.
RF Systems, Components,
and Circuits Handbook
Second Edition
Ferril A. Losee
artechhouse.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Losee, Ferril.
RF systems, components, and circuits handbook/Ferril A. Losee.—2nd ed.
p. cm.—(Artech House microwave library)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-59693-010-1 (alk. paper)
1. Radio circuits—Design and construction—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Radio
frequency integrated circuits—Design and construction—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
I. Title. II. Series
TK6560.L65 2005
621.384—dc22 2005048170
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Losee, Ferril
RF systems, components, and circuits handbook.—2nd ed.—(Artech House microwave
library)
1. Radio circuits—Design and construction—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
I. Title
621.3’84
ISBN-10 1-59693-010-1
Cover design by Igor Valdman
© 2005 ARTECH HOUSE, INC.
685 Canton Street
Norwood, MA 02062
All rights reserved.
PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproduced
orutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,
recording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwriting
from the publisher.
Alltermsmentionedinthisbookthatareknowntobetrademarksorservicemarkshave
beenappropriatelycapitalized.ArtechHousecannotattesttotheaccuracyofthisinforma-
tion.Useofaterminthisbookshouldnotberegardedasaffectingthevalidityofanytrade-
mark or service mark.
International Standard Book Number: 1-59693-010-1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xvii
PART I
RF Systems 1
CHAPTER 1
Telephone Systems 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Telephone Lines 4
1.2.1 Open-Wire Lines 4
1.2.2 Twisted-Pair Lines 4
1.2.3 Coaxial Cable 4
1.2.4 Cordless Telephones 5
1.2.5 2.4-GHz Cordless Telephones 6
1.2.6 5.8-GHz Digital Spread Spectrum (DSS) Cordless Telephones 6
1.3 Telephone Relay Systems 7
1.3.1 Microwave Relay Systems 7
1.3.2 Fiber Optics Cable Telephone Relay Systems 8
1.3.3 Submarine Cable Relay Systems 10
1.3.4 Communication Satellite Relay Systems 11
1.4 Cellular Telephone Systems 12
1.4.1 Introduction to Cellular Telephones 12
1.4.2 The Concept of Spatial Frequency Reuse 13
1.4.3 Propagation Characteristics of Cellular Telephone Systems 14
1.4.4 Types of Cellular Telephone Systems 14
1.4.5 How a Cellular Telephone Call Is Made 18
1.5 Modern Commercially Available Cellular Telephone Systems 19
References 19
CHAPTER 2
Wireless Communication Systems 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Background Information 21
2.2.1 Units and Conversion Information 21
2.2.2 Frequency Bands for Communication Systems 22
v
vi Contents
2.2.3 The Use of Decibels 22
2.3 Frequency Allocation and FCC Regulations 23
2.4 Types of Communication Services as Defined by the ITU 24
2.4.1 Aeronautical Mobile Service 24
2.4.2 Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service 25
2.4.3 Amateur Service 25
2.4.4 Broadcasting Service 26
2.4.5 Broadcasting Satellite Service 27
2.4.6 Citizen Band Radio 27
2.4.7 VHF and UHF FM Business and Personal Two-Way Radio 28
2.4.8 Pager Systems 28
2.4.9 Mobile Service 29
2.4.10 Remote Control Systems 29
2.5 WLANs, IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth 29
2.5.1 WLANs 29
2.5.2 IEEE 802.11 Standard 30
2.5.3 IEEE 802.11b Standard 30
2.5.4 IEEE 802.11g Standard 31
2.5.5 Bluetooth 31
References 31
CHAPTER 3
Radionavigation and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) 33
3.1 Older Radionavigation Systems 33
3.1.1 Omega System 33
3.1.2 Loran System 34
3.1.3 Radio Beacons and Airborne Direction Finders 35
3.1.4 VOR Systems 36
3.1.5 Distance-Measuring Equipment (DME) 37
3.1.6 Instrument Landing System (ILS) 37
3.1.7 Tactical Air Navigation 38
3.1.8 Microwave Landing System 39
3.1.9 Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System 39
3.1.10 Transit System 39
3.2 GPS Navigation System 40
3.2.1 System Architecture 40
3.2.2 Applications for GPS 50
References 51
CHAPTER 4
Radar Systems 53
4.1 Basic Radar Concepts 53
4.2 Radar Frequencies 54
4.3 Types of Radars Based on Frequency 54
4.3.1 MF Radar (0.3–3.0 MHz) 54
4.3.2 HF Radar (3.0–30 MHz) 55
4.3.3 VHF Radar (30–300 MHz) 55
Contents vii
4.3.4 UHF Radar (300–1,000 MHz) 55
4.3.5 L-Band Radar (1.0–2.0 GHz) 55
4.3.6 S-Band Radar (2.0–4.0 GHz) 56
4.3.7 C-Band Radar (4.0–8.0 GHz) 56
4.3.8 X-Band Radar (8.0–12.0 GHz) 56
4.3.9 K -Band Radar (12.0–18.0 GHz) 56
U
4.3.10 K-Band Radar (18.0–27.0 GHz) 56
4.3.11 K-Band Radar (26.5–40.0 GHz) 57
a
4.3.12 V-Band Radar (40.0–75.0 GHz) 57
4.3.13 W-Band Radar (75–110 GHz) 57
4.3.14 Millimeter-Wave Radar (110–300 GHz) 57
4.4 Types of Radar 57
4.4.1 Surveillance Radars 57
4.4.2 CW Speed Measurement Radar 58
4.4.3 Airborne Weather-Avoidance Radar 58
4.4.4 Radar Altimeters 59
4.4.5 Airborne Doppler Navigation Radar 59
4.4.6 Ship-Based Search and Surveillance Radar 60
4.4.7 Shore-Based Search and Surveillance Radar 60
4.4.8 Space Applications of Radar 60
4.4.9 Ground-Based Instrumentation Radars for Locating and
Tracking Missiles and Satellites 60
4.4.10 Airborne Military Multiple Function Radars 61
4.4.11 Airborne Terrain-Following Radar 61
4.4.12 Airborne Side-Looking Radar 61
4.4.13 Ground-Based Military Radar for Locating and Tracking
Aircraft and Missiles 62
4.4.14 Ground-Based Military Radars for Ground-Based Targets 62
4.4.15 Ship-Based Military Radar 62
4.4.16 ICBM Defense Radars 62
4.5 Radar Measurement 63
4.5.1 Radar Cross-Section of Targets 63
4.5.2 Radar Clutter 65
4.5.3 Range Measurements 68
4.5.4 Velocity Measurement Using CW Radar 70
4.5.5 Velocity Measurements Using FMCW Radar 72
4.5.6 Velocity Measurements Using a Pulse-Type Radar 72
4.5.7 Angle Measurements for Radars 73
4.6 Moving-Target Indicator (MTI) and Pulse Doppler Radars 74
4.6.1 MTI Radar Types 74
4.6.2 Signal Processing for MTI Radars 76
4.6.3 MTI from a Moving Platform 79
4.7 Tracking Radars 80
4.7.1 Monopulse Tracking Radars 80
4.7.2 Tracking in Range Using Sequential Gating 81
References 82
viii Contents
CHAPTER 5
Radio Frequency Propagation 83
5.1 Antennas 83
5.1.1 Transmit Antennas 83
5.1.2 Receive Antenna Gain and Capture Area 84
5.2 Electromagnetic Waves, Fields, and Power Density 85
5.3 RF Electrical Field Waveforms and Vector Addition 86
5.4 Free-Space Path Loss 87
5.5 Excess Path Loss and Atmospheric Attenuation 87
5.5.1 Atmospheric Absorption 87
5.5.2 Attenuation Produced by Rain, Snow, and Fog 88
5.6 Atmospheric Refraction 89
5.7 Diffraction of Radio Waves 90
5.8 Multipath 92
5.9 Ionospheric Propagation 93
5.10 Ground-Wave Propagation 95
5.11 Scatter Propagation 96
5.12 Fiber Optic Cable Propagation 97
5.13 Radar Cross-Section of Targets 97
5.14 Equations for Calculating Propagation Performance for
Communication Systems 99
5.14.1 Example 1: HF Ionospheric Reflection Communication
System 99
5.14.2 Example 2: VHF Base Station to Mobile Unit
Communication System 100
5.14.3 Example 3: Microwave Uplink to Satellite Relay Located
at Geostationary Orbit 100
5.15 Equations for Calculating Propagation Performance for Radar
Systems 100
5.15.1 Example 4: L-Band Aircraft Surveillance Radar 101
5.15.2 Example 5: X-Band Airborne Multiple-Function Radar 102
References 102
CHAPTER 6
RF Noise and Link Analysis 103
6.1 Concepts of RF Noise and Signal-to-Noise Ratio 103
6.2 Noise Power, Noise Temperature, and Noise Figure 104
6.3 Multiple-Stage Systems with Noise 106
6.4 Types of Noise 107
6.4.1 Atmospheric Noise 107
6.4.2 Galactic Noise 108
6.4.3 Solar Noise 110
6.4.4 Ground Noise 111
6.4.5 Man-Made Noise and Interference 111
6.5 Signal-to-Noise Improvement by Use of Integration 112
6.6 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 113
6.7 Communication System Link Analysis 115
Contents ix
6.8 Radar System Link Analysis 116
6.9 Performance Calculations for Radar Systems with Electronic
Countermeasures 117
References 119
CHAPTER 7
Modulation Techniques 121
7.1 Pulsed Continuous-Wave Signals 121
7.2 Conventional Amplitude Modulation 122
7.3 Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier Modulation 123
7.4 Vestigial Sideband Modulation 125
7.5 Single-Sideband Modulation 125
7.6 Standard Frequency Modulation 126
7.7 Modulation for Telemetry 129
7.8 Combination Communication and Range-Measurement Systems 130
7.9 Modulation for Radar 130
7.9.1 Pulsed CW Modulation 130
7.9.2 High-Power Impulse Generators and Ultra-Wideband,
High-Power Microwave Generators 132
7.9.3 Chirp Pulse Modulation 133
7.9.4 Phase Code Modulated Pulse Modulation 133
7.9.5 Continuous-Wave Modulation 134
7.9.6 Frequency-Modulated CW Modulation 134
7.10 Single-Channel Transmitter System 134
7.11 Frequency Division Multiplex Transmitter System 136
7.12 Sample Circuits and Analog-to-Digital Converter Concepts 137
7.13 Time Division Multiplex Transmitter System with Pulse Code
Modulation 137
7.14 Two-State Modulation Types for Binary Signals 139
7.14.1 On-Off or Two-State Amplitude Keying 139
7.14.2 Frequency Shift Keying 140
7.14.3 Binary Phase-Shift Keying 140
7.15 Four-State and Eight-State Phase-Shift Keying 141
7.16 Sixteen Phase-State Keying (16-PSK) 141
7.17 Sixteen Amplitude-Phase Keying 142
7.18 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Modulation 142
7.18.1 Pseudorandom Noise (PN) Generators 142
7.18.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Systems 144
7.18.3 Applications for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 147
References 148
Selected Bibliography 148
CHAPTER 8
RF Amplifiers, Oscillators, Frequency Multipliers, and Mixers 149
8.1 Amplifiers 149
8.1.1 Front-End Low-Noise RF Amplifiers for Receivers 149
8.1.2 IF Amplifiers 155
x Contents
8.1.3 Audio and Other LF Amplifiers 157
8.1.4 Transmitter RF Amplifier Chains 157
8.1.5 Transmitter RF Power Amplifiers for Communication Systems 158
8.1.6 RF Power Amplifiers and Oscillators for Radars, Navigation,
and Electronic Countermeasure Applications 161
8.2 Oscillators and Frequency Synthesizers 163
8.2.1 Transistor Feedback Oscillators 163
8.2.2 Negative Resistance Two-Terminal Oscillators 165
8.2.3 Frequency Synthesizers 165
8.3 Frequency Multipliers 166
8.3.1 Varactor Diode Frequency Multipliers 166
8.3.2 Step-Recovery Diode Frequency Multipliers 167
8.3.3 Transistor Multipliers 168
8.4 Mixers 169
8.4.1 Diode Mixers 169
8.4.2 Transistor Mixers 174
References 176
Selected Bibliography 176
CHAPTER 9
Modulators and Demodulators 177
9.1 Modulators 177
9.1.1 Modulators for Conventional Amplitude Modulation 177
9.1.2 Modulators for Double-Sideband Modulation 179
9.1.3 Vestigial-Sideband Modulators 181
9.1.4 Modulators for Single-Sideband Modulation 181
9.1.5 Modulators for Frequency-Division Multiplex 184
9.1.6 Modulators for Standard Frequency Modulation 184
9.1.7 Modulators for Frequency-Shift Keying 187
9.1.8 Modulators for Phase-Shift Keying 187
9.1.9 Modulators for Pulse Code Modulation Time-Division
Multiplex Modulation 190
9.1.10 Time-Division Multiple Access 191
9.2 Demodulators or Detectors 191
9.2.1 Amplitude Modulation Detectors 192
9.2.2 Product Detectors 192
9.2.3 Frequency Modulation Detector Concepts 194
9.2.4 Phase Detectors 197
References 198
CHAPTER 10
Example Communication System Block Diagrams 201
10.1 HF Communication System Using Single-Sideband Modulation 201
10.2 VHF or UHF Ground-to-Air Communication System Using Either
Amplitude Modulation or Narrowband FM 203
10.3 Frequency Modulation Broadcast Systems 205
10.4 Microwave Relay Systems 208