RF Circuit Design: Theory and Applications PDF
Preview RF Circuit Design: Theory and Applications
RF Circuit Design — Theory and Applications Reinhold Ludwig + Pavel Bretchko RF Circuit Design Theory and Applications Reinhold Ludwig ‘Worcester Polytechnic {Institute Pavel Bretchko Worcester Polytechnic Institute Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NU 07458 Library of Congress Taformation Available Publisues, Tom ieebhius ‘Acquisitions editor Erie Franke Esitoeinchief: Marcia Horvin ‘Marketing mauagee. Danny Hoyt Production manager: Rese Kernan ‘Managing editor: David George Executive managing ever: Vinee O°Brien Cover design: Bruce Kenselaer ‘Manusceuing coordmator: Pat Browe Eaitcrial asigant: Jeane DMBlast £2000 by Prontice-Hull, Ie. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07488 AL ight verve. No past ofthis book may be reproduced, in any forma ‘or by any means, without permission in viting from the publisher: Priel in the Cited 8 ooR TBS 4RR1 ISBN O-13-095323-7 PRENTICR-ITATL. TwTeRNaTIONAC (UK) Lumurep, London Panrticr-Hauc or Ausmazia Pr, LOOTED, Syuney PRENTICE-HLaLe CanaDa Inc, Teron Par ct-FTALC HISPANGAMERICANA, SA. Meso PRENTICE-HaLc or Ivins Privat: Liste, New Det PRENTICE-HALL OF JaPaW, Nes, Toby ParnTicr-Havc (SINGAPORE) Puts, Liv, Segopore Dorroea Prrvinice-HAtt 00 Deasit, Luna. Ria de Janeira DEDICATION To our families and the memory of my father F. Ludwig, Preface T. field of high-frequency citcuit design is reveiv- ing significant industrial attention duc 10 @ host of radio-Irequency (RF) and wvicrowaye (MW) applications. improved semiconductor devices have made possible a prolifera tion of high-specd digital and analog systems as observed in wireless communication, global positioning, RADAR, and related clectrical and computer enginecring disci- plines. This interest has translated into a strong demand for engincers with comprehen sive knowledge of high-frequency cirouit design principles. For the student, the professional engineer, and even the faculty member teaching this material there is, however, a general problem, The majority of existing textbooks appear to target two separate audiences: A) the advanced graduate-level population with a broad theorotival background, and B} the technologists with litle interest in mathematical and physical rigor. As a result, RF circuit design has heen presented in two very different formats, For the advanced students the entry into this field is often pursued through an clectromagnetic field approach, while for the technologists the basic circuit uspect enibedded in Kirchhotf’s laws is the preferred weaument, Both approaches make it difficull to adequately address the theoretical and practical issues surrounding high-Frcquency design principles, The basic circuit approach lacks, or only superficially covers, the wave nature of currents and voltages whose reflection and transmission properties constitute indispensable ingredients of the RF circuit behavior. ‘The cleottomagnetic Geld approuch certainly covers the wave guide and transmission Tine aspect, but falls far short of reaching the important aspects of designing high-fre- quency amplifier, vscillator, and mixer cixcuits, ‘The objective of this textbook is to develop the RF cireuit design aspects in such 2 ‘way thar the need for transtnission Line principles is made clear without adopting an electromagnetic field approach. Therefore, no EM background is nevessary beyond 4 first year undergraduate physics course in ficlds and waves as provided by most colleges and universities, Students equipped with the knowledye of basic cirewit theory amcor an exposure to micraclovtronies cam use this book and cover the entire spectrum from the asic principles of transmission and microstrip lines to the various high-frequency cir- cuit design procedures. Lengthy mathematical derivations are either relegated to the appendices or placed in examples, separated from the main text. This allows the omis- sion of some of the dry theoretical details and tus lvcuses on the main concepts. ‘Accepting the challenge of providing a high degree of design experience, we have included many examples thal discuss in considerable detail, in many cases extending over several pages, the philosophy and the intricacies of the various dexign approaches. “ Preface This has caused some problems as well, specifically with respect to the circuit simuks- ions, Obviously, we cannot expect the reader to have ready access to modem computer simulation tools euch as MMICAD or ADS fo name but two of the popular choices. Professional high-frequency simulation packayes are generally expensive and require amiliarty to use them effectively, For this reason we have cfealed a considerable nurn- ber of Maran Miles that the interested student ean download from our website listed in Appendix G, Since Mar.as is a widely used relatively inexpensive mathernatical fool, many examples discussed in this hook can he executed and the results graphically displayed in a matter of seconds, Specifically the vatious Smith-Chart computations of the impedance transformations should appeal to the reader. Nonetheless, all desiga exarnples, specifically the ones presented in Chapters 8 to 10, have been independently simulated and verified in MMICAD for the linear circuit models, and ADS for the non- linear oscillator and mixer models In terms of material coverage, this texibook purposely omitted the high-speed dig- ital circuits as well as coding and modulation aspects. Although important. these topics ‘would simply have required oo many additional pages and would have moved the book too far away from its original inteat of providing a fundamental, one- of bvo-semester, intredinction to RF circuit design. At WPT this does not tum out in be a disadvantage, since most of the material can rcadily be aequired in available communication systems engineering courses. ‘The organization of this text is as follows: Chapter 1 presents a general explana- tion of why basic circuit theory breaks down as the operating frequency is increased to @ level where the wavelength becomes comparable with the discrete circuit compo- nents. In Chapter 2 the tansmission line theory is developed as a way to replace the Jow-Treyueney circuit models, Because of the vollaze and current wave nature, Chap+ ter 3 intmduces the Smith Chart as-a genetic (ool ta deal with the impedance behavior on the basis of the reflection evefficient. Chapter 4 discusses (wo-port networks with their flow-chart representations and how they can be descried on the basis of the so- called scattering parameters. These network modely and their seattering parameter descriptions are utilized in Chapter 5 to develop passive RE filicr configurations. Before covering active devices, Chapter 6 provides a review of some of the key setni- conductor fundamentals, followed by their circuit models representation in Chapter 7. The impedance matching and biasing of bipolar and field effect transistors is taken up in Chapter & in an cllort to climinatc potentially dangerous reflections and to provide optimal powcr flow. Chapter 9 focuses on a number of key high-frequency amplifier configurations and their design intricacies ranging from low noise to high power appli- cations. Finally, Chapter 10 introduces the reader to nonlinear systems and their designs in oscillator and miixer circuits. Pree wl This book is used in the Blecirieal and Compuler Engineering Department at WPT as required text for the standard 7-week (S lecture hours pet week) come in RF circuit design (FR 3113, Intreduction 10 RF Circuit Design), The course has primarily attracted an audience of 3rd and 4th year undergraduate students with 4 background in mictoelecuonics. The course does not inchide a laboratory, although six videotapes of practical circuit performanecs conducted at Philips Semiconductors and in-class RF cit- cuit measurements with a network analyzer are included, In addition, MMICAD and ADS simulations are incorporated as part of the regular leclures, Bach chapter is fairly self-contained, with the goal of providing wide flexibility in organizing the course material. At WPT the content of approximately one thres scmester hour course is com- ‘pressed into a 7-week period (consisting of a total of 25-28 lectures), The wpics cov- ered are shown in the lable below. EE 3112, Introduction to RF Circuit Design Chapter 1. Introduction Sections 11-16 Chupter 2, Transinission Line Analysis Sections 2.1 212 /Chaptcr 3, Smith Chart Sections 31-35 [Chapter 4, Single- and Multi-Port Networks | Seevons 41-48 Chapter 7. Active RF Component Modeling | Seetions 7.1-7.2 Chapter 8, Marching and Biasiug Networks | Sections $.1-8.4 Chapter 9, RF Transistor Araplilicr Designs | Scetions 9.19.4 ‘The remaining material is targeted for a second (7-week} term covering more advanced topics such as microwave filers, equivalent vireuit inuuels, oscillators and mixers. An organizational plan is provided below. Advanced Principles of RF Circutt Design Chapter 5,A Bre? Overview of BF Fiter Design Sections $.1-5.8 Chapter 6, Active RF Components Sections 6.1-6.6 [Chapter 7, Active RF Conyponent Modeling sections 13-75 {Chapter 9. RF Transistor Amphier Designs Sections 95-938 Chupter 10, Oscillators and Mixers Scetions 101-104 vm Profaoe However, the entire course organization will always remain subject to change depending on total classroom time, student background, and interface requirements with related courses, Please refer to the companion website at hitp/ivwe.prenhall.comindwig for ‘more material including all of the art files im (his text in paf format. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors ute genteful to a number of colleagues, students, and practicing engineers, Prof, John Oxr, head of the ECE department, WPI, was instrumental in introducing this course and he provided the funding for the RF simulation packages. Our thanks go to Kore Venema, Jarek Lucek, and Sontt Blum of Phitips Semicenduetors for providing technical expertise, sponsoring senior student projects, and making available measure- ment cquipment, Profs. Jon Sullivan, Jt., Williara Michelson, and Sergey Makarov assisiod through extensive (echnical help. Linda Gu, Qiang Lai, Joe Plunkett, Dr. Funan Shi, Gene Bogdanov, Minhua Liu, and Josh Resnik are eumrent and former graduate stu denis who provided much needed ambience and support in the EM and RF lab a WPL R. L. is particularly thankful to Prof, J. Thomas Vaughan of the University of Minne- sota's MRI Center sho introduced him to the Lmportanec of transmission line principles in the design of RF coils for high-ficld magnetic resonance imaging. PBB. would like to express his sincere thanks to Mikhail Shirokov of Lehigh University for helpful diseus- sions on all aspects of RF/MW circuits and devices. The staff of Prentice-Hall, specifi cally Eric Frank, Tom Robbins, and Rose Keman arc thanked for their insight and support in making this book a reality. Donation of the MIMICAD RF simulation design package by Optotek and = uni- versity license of ADS provided by Hewletl-Packard Comporation are gratefully seknowledged Contents Preface Chapter L. Introduction LI Toaportance of Radiofrequency Design 12 Dimensions and Units 13. Frequency Spectrutn 14 RF Bebavior of Passive Components LAL High-Frequency Resistors 1.42. High-Frequency Capacitors 143. High-Froquemy Lidvctors 1.5 Chip Compencnas and Ciseuit Board Considerations 15.1 Chip Resistors 1.5.2 Chip Capacitors 1.5.3 Surface Mounted Inductors 1.6 Summary Chapter 2. Transmission Line Analysis 2.1 Why Transmission Line Theory’? 2.2 Examples of Transmission Lines 2.2.1 Two-Wire Lines 22.2 Coanial Line 22.3 Microstrip Lincs 2.3. Equivalent Circuit Representation 2 ‘Theoretical Foundation 24.1 Basic Laws 5) Circuit Parameters lor & Parallel Plate Transmission Line 6 Summary of Difleront Line Configurations 7) General Transmission Line Equat:on 2.2.1 Kitehhotl Voltage and Current Law Representations 2.7.2 Traveling Voltage and Curent Waves 2.7.3. General Impedance: Definition 2.7.4 Lossless Transtuisaion Line Mods! 2.8 Miciustrip Transmission Lines 2.9 Terminated Lossless Transmission Line 2.9.1 Voltage Relloction Coefficient 2.9.2 Propagation Constant and Phase Veloci.y 2.9.3 Standing Waves 2.10 Special Termination Conditions 2.10.1 Input Impedance of Terminated Foxsless Linc 2.10.2 Short Circuit Transmission Line 210.3 Open-Circuit Transmission Line 2.104 Quarter-Wave Transmission Line 211 Sourced and Loaded Transmission Line DULL Phasor Representation of Source 2.11.2 Power Considerations for a Transmission Line 2.11.3 Input Impedance Matching 2.14 Return Loss and Insertion Less 2.12 Summary Chapter 3. The Smith Chart 3.1. From Reflection Coefficient to Toad Impedance 3.1.1 Reflection Coeflicient io Phasoe Form 3.1.2 Normalized Impedance Equation 3.1.3 Paramettie Reflection Coefficient Equation 3.1.4 Graphical Representation 3.2 Impedance Transfarmation 3.2.1 Impedance Transformation for General Load 32.2. Standing Wave Ratio 3.2.3 Special Transformation Conditions 3.2.4 Computer Simulations 3.3 Admittance Transformation 3.3.1 Parametric Admittance Equation 3.3.2 Additional Graphical Displays 3.4 Parallel and Series Conneetiems 34.1 Parallel Connection af and T. Flements 34.2 Parallel Connection of R and C Elements 343 Series Connection of R and L Etements Series Connection of R and C Elements Example of a FNetwork 35° Summary Chapter 4, Single- and Multipart Networks 41 Rasic Definitions 4.2 huercoanecting Networks 42.1 Series Connection of Networks 4.2.2 Parallel Connection of Networks 42.3 Cascading Networks 4.24 Summary of ABCD Network Representations 4.3. Network Properties and Applications 4.3.1 Interrelations between Parameter Sets 43.2 Analysis of Microwave Amplitier 44 Scattering Parameters 441 Definition of Scattering Parameters Cantera % 79 BL 84 85 87 30 oL 93 101 102 192 Joa 106 108 110 0 113 us 119 122 122 1s 126 27 (28 128 129 130 133 143 4 153 153 154 155 156 161 161 164 168 168
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