Revolution without Revolutionaries Stanford Studies in Middle Eastern and Islamic Societies and Cultures Revolution without Revolutionaries Making Sense of the Arab Spring ASEF BAYAT Stanford University Press Stanford, California Stanford University Press Stanford, California ©2017 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Stanford University Press. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free, archival-quality paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Bayat, Asef, author. Title: Revolution without revolutionaries : making sense of the Arab Spring / Asef Bayat. Other titles: Stanford studies in Middle Eastern and Islamic societies and cultures. Description: Stanford, California : Stanford University Press, 2017. | Series: Stanford studies in Middle Eastern and Islamic societies and cultures | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017009148 (print) | LCCN 2017010826 (ebook) | ISBN 9780804799027 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781503602588 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781503603073 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Arab Spring, 2010- | Revolutions--Arab countries. | Arab countries--Politics and government--21st century. Classification: LCC DS39.3 .B392017 (print) | LCC DS39.3 (ebook) | DDC 909/.097492708312--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017009148 Cover design: Rob Ehle Cover photo: Asef Bayat Typeset by Bruce Lundquist in 10/14 Minion Pro To the known and unknown heroes of the Arab Spring, those who put their lives on turning their uprisings into meaningful revolution This page intentionally left blank To be truly radical is to make hope possible rather than despair convincing Raymond Williams This page intentionally left blank Table of Contents Preface xi 1. Revolutions of Wrong Times 1 2. Marx in the Islamic Revolution 29 3. Revolution in the Everyday 49 4. Not a Theology of Liberation 69 5. Cities of Dissent 93 6. Square and Counter-Square 113 7. The Spring of Surprise 135 8. Half Revolution, No Revolution 153 9. Radical Impulses of the Social 179 10. The Agony of Transition 205 11. Revolution and Hope 219 Notes 229 Index 275
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