Page iii Revolution and History The Origins of Marxist Historiography in China, 1919–1937 Arif Dirlik er, h s bli u p e h m t o n fr o si s mi er p ut o h wit m or y f n a n d i e c u d o pr e e r b ot n y a M d. e s reservght law. All righte copyri s. abl Prespplic a a aliforniU.S. or y of Cnder ersited u nivmitt 8. Uper © 197uses ht air Copyrigexcept f OCLC NetLibrary; printed on 11/4/2009 2:28:29 AM via Cornell University eISBN:9780520067578 Dirlik, Arif. : Revolution and History Account: -197928157 Page iv University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England Copyright © 1978 by The Regents of the University of California First Paperback Printing 1989 ISBN 0520067576 er, sh Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 7780469 bli pu Printed in the United States of America e h m t o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 n fr o si s mi er p ut o h wit m or y f n a n d i e c u d o pr e e r b ot n y a M d. e v erw. s resht la All rightcopyrig s. . able Prespplic a a aliforniU.S. or y of Cnder ersited u nivmitt 8. Uper © 197uses ht air Copyrigexcept f OCLC NetLibrary; printed on 11/4/2009 2:28:29 AM via Cornell University eISBN:9780520067578 Dirlik, Arif. : Revolution and History Account: -197928157 Page v To My Parents Süleyman and Sakine Dirlik e h m t o n fr o si s mi er p ut o h wit m or y f n a n d i e c u d o pr e e r b ot n ay w. Ma d. ht l eg s reserve copyri htbl ga All ripplic ss. . . S. or a nia Prender U. alifored u 78. University of Cpt fair uses permitt 9e 1c © ex Copyright publisher, OCLC NetLibrary; printed on 11/4/2009 2:28:29 AM via Cornell University eISBN:9780520067578 Dirlik, Arif. : Revolution and History Account: -197928157 CONTENTS Preface Part I. Introduction 1. The Problem e 2. The Context h m t o on fr Part II. The Social History Controversy and Marxist Analysis of Chines si mis History er p ut o h 3. Revolution and Social Analysis wit m or y f 4. Feudalism in Chinese History n a n d i e c 5. Kuo Mojo and Slavery in Chinese History u d o pr e e r 6. The Periodization of Chinese History b ot n y Maw. Part III. Conclusion ed. ht la vg ghts reserble copyri 7. Revolution, Marxism, and Chinese History All riplica 8. Epilogue: Social Change and History nia Press. . . . nder U.S. or ap Bibliography alifored u Index 78. University of Cpt fair uses permitt 9e 1c © ex Copyright publisher, OCLC NetLibrary; printed on 11/4/2009 2:28:29 AM via Cornell University eISBN:9780520067578 Dirlik, Arif. : Revolution and History Account: -197928157 Page ix PREFACE In the following pages I may seem occasionally harsh in my criticism of some Marxist historians, but it should be remembered that the criticism is intellectual and historiographical, based on my evaluation of the relative merits of their work. I have made an effort to give credit wherever credit is due, and those with whom I have the greatest personal sympathy are not necessarily those whose historiographical contributions I admire the most. Given the hostility often invoked by the simple mention of Marxism, especially in countries where those in power do not hesitate to use violence against ideological opponents, m simply to engage in such historiographical activity has often demanded a great o n fr deal of personal courage. Marxists have been hounded, censored, jailed, and o si mis even tortured for publishing the ideas discussed in this book. If I ignore these er aspects of Chinese Marxist historians' experiences, it is not because I consider p out them unimportant but because they would require an entirely different kind of h wit study. Within the context of this study, I evaluate their contributions as I think m or all works of history should be evaluated, for these works were written as y f n histories. This is the only way to extend to them serious recognition for their a n d i undertaking. If Marxism is to claim its due as a major contribution to historical e uc understanding, it cannot afford the pretense of some Marxists that Marxist d o pr historical work, because of its extrahistoriographical implications, is immune to e e r the evaluative criteria of critical historical judgment. b ot n ay aw. The existence of this book owes a great deal to members of the Department of d. Mght l History at the University of Rochester as it was in 1964–1965, when I was veyri hts reserable cop admitted there as a graduate gc ess. . . . . All rier U.S. or appli Prnd nia d u aliformitte Cer y of es p situs verair Unipt f 8. ce 7x 9e © 1er, ght blish opyrie pu Ch t OCLC NetLibrary; printed on 11/4/2009 2:28:29 AM via Cornell University eISBN:9780520067578 Dirlik, Arif. : Revolution and History Account: -197928157 Page x student. Had they not been as openminded about curricular prerequisites as they were, and willing to take chances with a foreign student who had little prior training in history and none whatsoever in Chinese studies, this work, whatever itsmerits, would probably never have been produced. Two former members of that department, Harry Harootunian and Sidney Monas, have special claims on my gratitude for guiding me into the discipline. The department was always generous with funds to enable me to study elsewhere when my needs could not be met at the university. To Ralph Croizier, who joined that department later and, with characteristic insight, suggested this topic to me (it was initially intended as a study of T'ao Hsisheng), I owe not only the sentiments of a graduate student toward an advisor but also the appreciation of a friend. m o on fr My friend Larry Schneider, who was the only person to read the whole si mis manuscript before publication, was generous with his time and encouragement. per His enthusiastic response was much appreciated. Benjamin Schwartz was kind ut o enough to take time off from the many demands on him to read my dissertation h wit and to encourage its publication. I would also like to thank Ed Friedman and m or Chang Hao, who read the original introduction, for their comments and y f an suggestions. Samuel Baron of the Department of History at the University of n d i North Carolina at Chapel Hill was generous with information on contemporary e c u Soviet discussions of the problem of Asiatic society. d o pr e e r I would like to thank Ms. Dorothy Sapp of the Department of History at Duke b ot University and my graduate student, Ms. Patricia Hampshire, for their help in n ay w. the preparation of the manuscript. Last but not least, my wife Carol and my Ma d. ht l children, Nedim and Murat, deserve my gratitude for their tolerance of my eg s reserve copyri idiosyncracies, which no doubt multiplied while I was at work on the writing. htbl ga ess. . . . . . All rier U.S. or applic Prnd nia d u aliformitte Cer y of es p situs verair Unipt f 8. ce 7x 9e © 1er, ght blish opyrie pu Ch t OCLC NetLibrary; printed on 11/4/2009 2:28:29 AM via Cornell University eISBN:9780520067578 Dirlik, Arif. : Revolution and History Account: -197928157 Page xi PART I— INTRODUCTION n o si s mi er p ut o h wit m or y f n a n d i e c u d o pr e e r b ot w. May nght la d. yri ep vo sere c ebl s rca All rightor appli ss. . . . . . . under U.S. Preed niversity of California xcept fair uses permitt Ue 8. er, 7h 9s © 1ubli pyright m the p oo Cfr OCLC NetLibrary; printed on 11/4/2009 2:28:29 AM via Cornell University eISBN:9780520067578 Dirlik, Arif. : Revolution and History Account: -197928157 Page 1 1— The Problem "Marxism," a critical commentator has observed, "represents an historiographical turning point, the revolutionary effects of which we are only now coming to appreciate."1 When historical materialism (or "the materialist conception of history," as Marx described his view of history) entered Chinese thought in the second and third decades of this century, its impact on Chinese historiography was no less profound for its sources being exogenous to Chinese thought. In the Marxist theoretical system Chinese intellectuals n encountered perhaps the most comprehensive ''sociology of change" to issue o ssi from nineteenthcentury European thought,2 one which unequivocally posited mi er society to be the starting point of historical inquiry and sought in social p ut processes the forces that shaped history. In its new context, Marxist o h wit historiography represented an unprecedented undertaking to root history in m or social structure, revolutionizing the conceptualization of China's past. The ny f proliferation of socialeconomic history of an unmistakably Marxist bent by the a d in 1930s pointed to the ascendancy of historical materialism in Chinese historical e c studies. This trend continues to the present in the People's Republic of China u d pro where, now under official aegis, the materialist conception of history e e r monopolizes historical scholarship and, equally significantly, infuses the b not w. historical consciousness of great numbers of people. Historical materialism, in May ht la short, represents the counterpart in the intellectual realm to the ed. yrig s reservable cop 11.4 G1–. 1L4e2ff., History and Social Theory (New York: Doubleday Anchor, (1971), pp. ss. . . . . . . . All rightunder U.S. or applic 2U. nLi.v Bertsaimtys Ponre, sTs,h 1e9 P6o1l)i,t pic. a2l1 C. ontext of Sociology (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton Preed niversity of California xcept fair uses permitt Ue 8. er, 7h 9s © 1ubli pyright m the p oo Cfr OCLC NetLibrary; printed on 11/4/2009 2:28:29 AM via Cornell University eISBN:9780520067578 Dirlik, Arif. : Revolution and History Account: -197928157 Page 2 revolutionary changes communism has wrought in Chinese society in the twentieth century. The radical reinterpretation of Chinese history made possible by the introduction of Marxist historical theory to China after 1919 provides the subject of the present study. The substantive portion of the discussion here is devoted to examining Marxist interpretations of the past in the years after 1927 when Marxist historians produced their first major historical analyses. While Chinese intellectuals became acquainted with Marxist historical theory as early as the 1910s, they initially displayed only a marginal interest in its application to Chinese history. Their grasp of historical materialism remained superficial through the early twenties, when knowledge of Marxist theory was derived n largely from a spotty selection of primary and secondary, especially Japanese, o ssi sources. The few authors who applied it to the analysis of Chinese history at mi er this time employed it eclectically, without clearly distinguishing the materialist p ut conception from other socioeconomic approaches to history. For reasons to o h wit be discussed here, Marxist historiography did not appear as a distinct trend m or until after 1927 when, with the socalled "social history controversy," it ny f emerged rapidly as possibly the most dynamic and stimulating current in a d in Chinese historiography. Seminal works produced at this time left a visible e c imprint on historical work in the thirties; the questions they raised also laid the u d pro foundation for much of the historical inquiry Marxist historians in China have e e r undertaken in subsequent years. In fact, Marxist historians were responsible b ot for first demonstrating the importance of questions that have since come to ay naw. serve the more social science oriented historians of China, Chinese or non d. Mght l Chinese, as points of departure for the resolution of the most fundamental veyri s reserble cop problems of Chinese history. All rightapplica TChhein par iens ernegt astruddinyg d tehpeasret sq fureosmtio pnrse vasio duisr esctut doifefssh oofo Mts,a rraxtihset rh tihstaonr iiongcriadpehnyta iln ss. . . . . . . . . under U.S. or cecoonnrgrceelnluadsteiivoreendss, ioonff CMthhaeir npxaoi.s lWti thichisaetlot harneiardn otshr i ensr oentfo oltar aetes hr c irrseutsoceriaiacrla ctlho c htohaness ecuvipoahulueslandtei osthsn e M osfpa trehxceiis fmic Preed Marxist contribution as the simple fact that their niversity of California xcept fair uses permitt Ue 8. er, 7h 9s © 1ubli pyright m the p oo Cfr OCLC NetLibrary; printed on 11/4/2009 2:28:29 AM via Cornell University eISBN:9780520067578 Dirlik, Arif. : Revolution and History Account: -197928157
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