REVISION OF THE GENUS TORYMUS IN AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (HYMENOPTERA, TORYMIDAE)

282 Pages·016.459 MB·English

by  LIENK, SIEGFRIED ERIC

COPYRIGHTED
Siegfried Eric Llenk
1951
.3 .. ft' •'>.<,« ..?........ . '» . .. - ...... L^^A-t .< . ,ra*.. \ .. ...., \ ... ; ,,,.,, ...-...^.,-J i, /.„,
REVISION OF THE GENUS TORYMUS IN AMERICA
NORTH OF MEXICO
(HYMENOPTERA, TORYMIDAE)
BY
SIEGFRIED ERIC LIENK
B.S., University of Idaho, 1942
M.S., University of Illinois, 1947
THESIS
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN
ENTOMOLOGY IN THE GRADUATE COLLEGE OF.
THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, 1951
URBANA, ILLINOIS
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
THE GRADUATE COLLEGE
October 28, 1950
I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY
SUPERVISION Ttv Siegfried Eric kienk
F.NTTTT.F.n Revision of ^e ^enus florymas in -America North of Mexico
(Hymenp-pt era. 3?orymidae)
BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology
\>3\\r.
In Charge of Theej
^ ^~
Head of Department
Recommendation concurred inf
Committee
on
Final Examinationf
t Required for doctor's degree but not for master's.
M440
TABUS OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction.••••••••.•••••••••••••,••••••.•••,••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1
Acknowledgments..... ••*••«•.••••••••••••*.• •••••••.•••*••«•••••*••••,,,• 4
Classification • 6
Specific characters.•••••••«•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10
Generic characters.••••.••••••••••••••••»•••«.•••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11
Host list . 12
Key to the females of species of Tjojoggys,....••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 20
Description of species...***.................**,•••••..•••••••*••••••••• 51
Plates.......... •••••• ••••••• 262
Bibliography. • •••• .••••••••••«•••••••••••• 269
Vita 270
-1-
IlflRODUCTION
Tha genua Ttonma is by far tha commonest and tha moat widely
distributed group of tha family Torymidae. Economically it la unimportant,
although tha larvae of ona apaeiaa faada on tha saada of apple, a habit
atypical of tha parasitic existence of tha other mambara of tha genus*
Frequently seeds of spruce and fir hare yielded several apaeiaa of formuat
however, thaaa are parasitic on tha seed-infesting eecidomyida* Tha vaat
majority of apaeiaa is eetoparaaltie on tha larvae of dipterous or hymenep-
toroua gall makers. This latter fact, coupled with tha ease in which galls
can ba collected, accounts for tha relative abundance of represertatives of
tha genua Torwme la the collections of tha United States.
Huber (1927) revised tha genua, using the material in the collection
of tha United States national Museum and specimens loaned by Dr. A* C*
Kinsey, With tha exception of a few apaeiaa, ha based his revision on
reared material. The rapid acquisition of additional material, much of it
new to science, plus tha enlargement of previously existing series, and tha
numerous specimens for which tha hosts ware not known, demonstrated tha
need for a revision of this genua* Than too, color characters used for
tha identification of apaeiaa, which were valid for tha several hundred
specimens treated in Hubert a study, ware, upon examination of additional
material no longer usable*
In this study I have examined approximately 3000 specimens from
moat sections of tha United States and parts of Canada* Whenever possible
I have refrained from using color characters. Since, however, tha
ehaleids, as a rule, anew only subtle interspecific differences of a
structural character, I have used color whan unavoidable. For those apaeiaa
-2-
whieh oan be separated by eolor cttfferenees only, the key is so constructed
that identification can be made in two or more Motions which Include the
present known range of color variation*
The present study is in part tentative in that the key cannot be
used for the Identification of males* This limitation is due primarily to
my failure to discover valid characters for their separation* The males
are distinctly smaller in else, of a darker color, and the characters used
for the segregation of females* such as the length of the scape versus inter-
malar distance* diameter of lateral ocellus versus oeeUocular distance*
etc.* do not hold true for the males* On the basis of characters now used*
it is impossible to associate the sexes of most species* Examination of a
series of male genitalia in an attempt to discover specific characters for
their identification has proved fruitless* This was mainly due to the
paucity of the material at hand in which males and females were associated*
Descriptions of males are* however* included in all eases where associated
reared material was available*
Knowledge of the host relationships of parasitic species is
perhaps the most valuable clue to their identity* However* inasmuch as the
preponderance of material studied has either not been reared* or the reared
series were made up of small numbers of specimens from scattered localities*
it was necessary to rely mainly on superficial bodily characters* Accord
ing to Hobbs (194&), the saw of the ovipositor is sufficiently stable in
Tor—ma and varies enough among species that it affords dependable characters*
I have sketched and examined 511 saws and found them to exhibit specific
differences in the majority of oases* In all but two instances* where the
identity of a species Is solely dependent upon characters of the genitalia*
-3-
the ovipositors hare been used only as an additional check. Two views, dorsal
and lateral, can be used in determination. Of these, the lateral view is by
far the most practical as the size, shape and number of teeth can be seen
clearly in profile. Idnltations of the dorsal view are first, that it is
impossible to bring the entire tooth structure into full view, and secondly,
since the ovipositor is higher than wide, the preparation of a dorsal nount
is extremely difficult unless the two ventral valvulae are first removed.
All drawings of saws were made from temporary glycerine mounts, by
the use of a squared ocular and a minimum of 440 magnifications. The three
dimensional structure of the saw makes it necessary frequently to manipulate
this structure until a sharp, true lateral view is obtained, and therefore
a permanent mount is prohibited. Because of the minute sise of the saws it
is impractical to store them in glycerine-filled micro~rials. All saws
removed from the specimens have therefore been glued to a card-point and
placed on the same pin with the specimen.
The present revision treats 118 species, 3d of them new to science.
Fortunately the bulk of the types is deposited in the United States National
Museum where I was able to study them on two different occasions.
• *-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This revision is based on the collection of the United States
National Museum and on material loaned by the following individuals and
institutions. I wish to acknowledge my appreciation for this aid.
Mr, C, F. W. Muesebeck, United States National Museum, In addition
to the loan of several hundred specimens, I am grateful for the hospitality
and use of equipment afforded me during my weeks of study at the Museum,
Dr. J, Bequaert, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts*
Or. W. H. Brittain, MacDonald College, Quebec, Canada.
Dr. A. B. Champlain, Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant
Industry, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
Dr. H. Dietrich, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
Dr. L. S. Dillon, Reading Public Museum and Art Gallery, Reading,
Pennsylvania.
Dr. P. B. Dowden, U.S.D.A;., Bureau of Entomology and Plant
Quarantine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Dr. M, Dupree, Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station, Experiment,
Georgia.
Dr. E. 0. Essig, University of California, Berkeley, California.
Dr. J. R. Eyre, New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanical
Arts, State College, New Mexico.
Dr. W, J. Gerhard, Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, Illinois.
Dr. C. L. Hayward, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.
Dr. H. B. Hungerford, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.
-5-
«••,
Dr. G. F. Kncvlton, Utah State Agricultural Experiment Station,
Logan, Utah*
Dr. L. C. Kuitert, Kansas State College, Manhattan, Kansas*
Dr. H. Mania, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho,
Dr. E. I, McDaniel, Michigan State College, East Lansing, HLchigan.
Dr. Z. P. Metealf, North Carolina State College, Raleigh. North
Carolina.
Dr. 0. Peek. Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada.
Br* J. H. Pepper, Montana State College. Bozeman, Montana.
Dr. M. E. Smith, University of Massachusetts, Amherst,
Massachusetts.
Dr. 6. E. Wallace, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.
Dr. D. L. Wray, North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Raleigh,
North Carolina.
Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation and thanks to
Dr. V. V. Balduf, of the Department of Entomology of the University of
Illinois, under whose direction this study was made.
-6-
CIASSIFICATION
Superfanily CHALCIDOIEEA.
Family TCRIMIDAE
SubfanUy TQBIMINAE
Genua TGBTMTS Dalnan
ffftlHWUff Spinola, Ann. Una* Nat* Paris, vol. 17, pp. 146-6, 1811. Genotype,
Ichneumon frfflffflffliTlfT Linnaeus. (Designated by Curtis, British Ent., vol.
12, p. 552, 1835).
MJaocmnwMi Latreille, Hour, diet* hist* nat*, ed. 2, p. 213, 1817. Genotype,
IfflWHTTBTn VyltrilTiH Linnaeus. (Designated by- Gahan and Fagan, Bui.
U. 3. Mat* Mae*, no. 124, p* 90, 1923).
Torvmua Dalnan, Svensk* Vet. Akad. HanH., vol. 41, pp. 135-156, 1820.
Genotype, J^BSSBSSL frfflffnlllirlff Linnaeus* (Designated by Asbnead, Manoirs
Carnegie Mas*, vol. 1, no* 4, P. 242, 1904)*
Srotamftspig Forster, Hynu Stud*, vol* 2, pp. 43-4, 1856* Genotype,
TOrvflnis evanem Bohenan (Designated by Asbnead, Memoirs Carnegie Mas*,
vol* 1*, no* 4, p* 241, 1904)* TorvimiB cvaneua Bohenan s (3vntom*apig
enrvnetiM For«ter^ Mayr, 7erh. zool* bot* Ges* Mien, XXIV, no* 5,
p. 79, 1874.
Spinola, 1811, erected the genus £&UJLB2fl&* including seventeen
species, six undeseribed* Latreille, 1817, erected ftlnffiffflffiU8 including two
species* Dalnan, 1820, erected Toramm including twenty-three species*
Gahan and Fagan (1924) state that MlBocamtma Latreille and Torvmm Dalnan are
both isogenotyple with ^""^nrff Spinola* Therefore, according to the law of