Revision of Hycleus solonicus (Pallas, 1782) (Coleoptera: Meloidae, Mylabrini), with larval description and DNA barcoding

2019·3 MB·

by  Zhao Pan

©EntomologicaFennica.30November2017
Revision of Hycleus solonicus (Pallas, 1782)
(Coleoptera: Meloidae, Mylabrini), with larval description
and DNAbarcoding
ZhaoPan,Qian-QianBai,JueWang&Guo-DongRen
Pan,Z.,BaiQ.-Q.,Wang,J.&Ren,G.-D.2017:RevisionofHycleussolonicus
(Pallas, 1782) (Coleoptera: Meloidae, Mylabrini), with larval description and
DNAbarcoding.—Entomol.Fennica28:219–232.
Hycleussolonicus(Pallas,1782),referredtoH.polymorphusspeciesgroup,is
revised.Adultsareredescribedandillustrated,eggsandfirst-instarlarvaearede-
scribedandillustratedforthefirsttime,COIsequenceforDNAbarcodingisre-
portedforthefirsttime,thegeographicaldistributionisrevisedandallavailable
faunisticrecordsfromtheliteratureandcollectionsaresummarized.Inaddition,
twoincorrectdeterminationsarepointedoutandZonabrissolonicavar.dianae
Sahlberg, 1913 is proposed to be a synonym of Hycleus scabiosae (Olivier,
1811).
Z.Pan,TheKeyLaboratoryofZoologicalSystematicsandApplication,College
ofLifeSciences,HebeiUniversity,Baoding,Hebei071002,P.R.China;E-mail:
[email protected]
Q.-Q.Bai,TheKeyLaboratoryofZoologicalSystematicsandApplication,Col-
legeofLifeSciences,HebeiUniversity,Baoding,Hebei071002,P.R.China
J.Wang,CollegeofLifeSciences,HebeiUniversity,Baoding,Hebei071002,P.
R.China
G.-D.Ren,TheKeyLaboratoryofZoologicalSystematicsandApplication,Col-
legeofLifeSciences,HebeiUniversity,Baoding,Hebei071002,P.R.China;E-
mail:[email protected].
Received30August2016,accepted22December2016
1.Introduction vised.Intheliteratureithasbeenconfusedwith
the genus Mylabris Fabricius, 1775 and other
Hycleus Latreille, 1817, belonging to the tribe Mylabrini genera by several authors. The very
Mylabrini,isthemostspeciosegenusoftheblis- complex synonymy and generic definition of
terbeetlefamily(Meloidae)withapproximately HycleuswereexplainedbyBologna(1978,1991)
430describedspecies.Thegenusisrestrictedto andBolognaandPinto(2002).
theOldWorldandcenteredintheAfrotropicalre- The taxonomy of some species or species
gion(Bologna&Pinto2002).However,theonly groupshasbeenstudiedinthelast50years(e.g.
study of the genus is a very old comprehensive Pardo Alcaide 1954, 1955, 1958, 1968, Saha
monograph(Marseul1872)devotedtotheentire 1972, 1979, Bologna 1978, 1979, 1990, 1991,
tribe Mylabrini. Hycleus itself remains inade- Bologna&Turco2007).Recently,apreliminary
quately studied and needs to be completely re- taxonomicstudyofChineseHycleusspecieswas
220 Panetal. (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28
Fig.1.Hycleussolonicus(Pallas,1782),adult.–a.Habitus,male.–b.Antenna,male.–c.Elytralpatterns,both
sexes.–d.Mesosternumandmesepisterna,male.–e.Tegmen,male,ventralview.–f.Tegmen,male,lateral
view.–g.Aedeagus,male,lateralview.–h.Spiculumgastrale,male.Scalebars:5mm(a);1mm(b,d–h).
publishedbyPanetal.(2011a),andakeyofthe ordecimpunctatus (Pallas, 1782), H. scabiosae
OrientalphaleratusspeciesgroupfromChinahas (Olivier, 1811), H. solonicus (Pallas, 1782), H.
beenpublishedbyPanetal.(2014). tekkensis (Heyden, 1883), H. tenerus (Germar,
Hycleuspolymorphusspeciesgroupbelongs 1834),andH.zebraeus(Marseul,1870).
totheHycleuslineagecharacterizedbyameso- Hycleussolonicus(Pallas)occursverycom-
sternum of Mesoscutatus type (see Bologna, monlyinthenortheasternPalaearcticregion,es-
1991).Itiswidely distributedinthePalaearctic peciallyinthefarwesternChineseregioneastof
region. It is easily distinguishable from other Mt.Altai.Itlacksdetaileddescriptionsorcharac-
Hycleus groups belonging to the Mesoscutatus ter illustrations before the present study. When
lineage by the following characters: antennae oneoftheauthors(Pan)workingonspecimensof
black,with11antennomeres;antennomeresVII– Chinese meloid species housed in the M. Bolo-
IXwidened(Fig.1b);elytrablackwithsomered- gna’s collection (MAB), he recognized that H.
dish yellow spots and fasciae: two basal spots solonicus was wrongly determined as Mylabris
(oneinthemiddle,andoneontheexternalmargin axillaris and H. chodschenticus by both Tan
but disappeared in some species), two middle (1986) and Pan et al. (2010), which led to
transversefasciaeandoneapicalspot;theyellow interpretate erroneously the distribution of the
spotsandfasciaeenlargedandfusedinsomespe- species,especiallyinChina.
cies(Fig.1c).Thepolymorphusgroupincludesat The morphology of first-instar larvae (also
least13species:H.atratus(Pallas,1773),H.bi- calledtriungulins)ofthegenusHycleushasbeen
guttatus(Gebler,1841),H.chodschenticus(Bal- scarcelydealt(e.g.Beauregard1890,MacSwain
lion,1878),H.fuscus(Olivier,1811),H.hume- 1956), but some species have been utilized for
rosus (Escherich, 1899), H. pierrei (Kaszab, phylogeneticstudies(Bologna&Pinto2001).In
1969),H.polymorphus(Pallas,1771),H.quatu- addition,twostudiesontriungulinsofthegenus
ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28 (cid:127) RevisionofHycleussolonicus(Meloidae) 221
Mylabris from the former USSR (Juchnevitsch Table1.GenBankaccessionnumbersofCOIse-
1955,Priamikova&Juchnevitsh1958)referred quencesofthespeciesusedascomparisonswith
to six species of the polymorphus group (H. Hycleussolonicus.
atratus, H. biguttatus, H. chodschenticus, H.
Species Length(bp) Source
polymorphus, H. scabiosae, and H. tekkensis).
However, the triungulins of H. solonicus has
Hycleuschodschenticus 704 JX679716
neverbeenstudied. Hycleusphaleratus 713 KC112991
The main purposes of this study are to Hycleuscichorii(unverified) 778 KC112989
redescribetheadultofHycleussolonicus,topro- Hycleusparvulus(unverified) 741 JX861893
vide its COI sequence fragment for DNA bar-
codingforthefirsttime,toreviewitsgeograph-
icaldistribution,andtodescribethemorphology
oftheeggandthefirst-instarlarva. Thelarvaewereobservedanddescribedusing
aOlympusBX53microscope,photographswere
2.Materialsandmethods taken by using the desktop SEM Hitachi
TM3000.
Totally1,438adultspecimensofthespecieswere Themethodsofthemolecularstudiesarethe
examined for this study, including 1,405 from sameasthoseusedinLiuetal.(2016),butthege-
Chinaand33fromMongolia.Thefollowingab- netic distances were calculated by using the
breviationsusedinthetextrepresentthestudied Kimura2-parametermodel(K2P,Kimura1980).
collections: ThesamplesusedforDNAbarcodesarelistedin
detail in the Appendix I and deposited in
IZCAS=ChineseAcademyofSciences,Institute MHBUa. The four other COI sequences (Table
ofZoology,Beijing,China 1),i.e.thoseofH.chodschenticus,H.phaleratus,
MAB=M.A.Bolognacoll.,Universitàdeglistu- H. cichorii, and H. parvulus, were downloaded
diRomaTre,Rome,Italy fromGenBankandusedtocalculatetheinterspe-
MHBU(andMHBUa)=MuseumofHebeiUni- cificgeneticdistancesinthegenusHycleus.
versity, Baoding, China (the material pre-
servedin95%alcohol=MHBUa)
MZH=FinnishMuseumofNaturalHistory,Uni- 3.Hycleussolonicus(Pallas,1782)
versityofHelsinki,Helsinki,Finland
NKUM=NankaiUniversity,Tianjin,China MeloesolonicaPallas,1782:87,fig.E-12(Type
NXUM=NingxiaUniversity,Yinchuan,China locality: “Rossiae Sibiriaeque” = Siberia of
TMNH = Tianjin Museum of Natural History, Russia.Typedepository:ZIN,butdestroyed
Tianjin,China byfire);Billberg1813:74.
ZIN=RussianAcademyofSciences,Zoological Mylabrissolonica:Schönherr1817:35;Fischer
Institute,St.Petersburg,Russia 1827:7;Waltl1838:465;Reiche1866:636;
Gemminger & Harold 1870: 2143; Marseul
The figures of the morphological details were 1870: 89; 1872: 510; Oertzen 1886: 264;
drawn by hand, using a Nikon SMZ1500 Sumakov 1915: 38; 1930: 67; Reichardt
stereomicroscopeequippedwithacameralucida. 1934: 232; Kôno 1940: 57; Iablokoff-
Thephotographsofadulthabitusweretakenwith Khnzorian1983:69.
aCanonEOS5DMarkIIIconnectedtoaCanon MylabrisfamelicaMénétriés,1854:36(Typelo-
MacrolensEF100mm. cality: China. Type depository: ZIN); Gem-
The first-instar larvae of H. solonicus, used minger&Harold1870:2137.Synonymized
forthedescription,wereheldataroom-tempera- bySumakov1930:67.
ture on 7.VII.2014. The eggs were laid from Zonabris solonica: Heyden 1881: 152; 1893:
adults that were collected on 3.VII.2014 from 131; Escherich 1892: 124; 1899: 91; Dokh-
Jinhekou of Mt. Xiaowutaishan (Yu County, touroff1889:159.
HebeiProv.,China)byZhi-ZhongGao. Mylabris(Tigrabris)solonica:Kuzin1954:365.
222 Panetal. (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28
Mylabrisaxillaris:Tan1986:486,fig.11–15-5; aswellasthelengthanddensityofapicalsetaeon
Maetal.1991:148;Guo1994:22;Tanetal. the“scutum”.4)Thesetaeonpronotumandmale
1995:325;Hua2002:130;Yang&Ren2007: protarsomeres are longer than those of the four
430,fig.17(hingwing).[nec.Billberg,1813] species.5)Theshapeofheadandpronotum,and
Mylabris (Mylabris) solonica: Tshernyshev & the density of punctures on head and pronotum
Axentiev1996:54. aredifferent.6)Thepositionandshapeofmale
Hycleussolonicus:Bologna2008:389. aedeagal distal hook are different among these
Hycleus chodschenticus: Pan et al. 2010: 185; fivespecies.
2011a: 182, fig. 4, 19; 2011b: 730, fig. 9; Redescription. Body (Fig. 1a) unicolour
2013:214;Ren&Niu2011:137,fig.10(hing black,exceptanteriormarginofclypeusdarkred,
wing); Zhao et al. 2012: 37. [nec. Ballion, apexofmentumbrownishyellow,antennomeres
1878] III–XI brown-black, and elytra black but with
yellowspotsandfasciaeasinFig.1c.Bodywith
blacklongsetae,exceptantennomeresIII–XIand
3.1.Descriptions legs only with long setae on ventral sides of all
coxae, trochanter, femora, and external sides of
3.1.1.Adult protibiae and protarsomere I–IV(male) or I–III
(female, and evidently shorter and fewer than
Diagnosis. A species of the Mesoscutatus type male),butmixedgoldensetaeonfollowingparts:
lineage, belonging to the polymorphus group. ventral side of thorax, elytral axillary part, pro-
Bodyonlywithblacksetaeexceptventralsideof legs, mesolegs except tarsi, ventral side of
prothorax,elytralaxillarypart,allcoxae,pro-and metatibiae, and tarsal pads; sometimes lacking
mesotibiaeandprotarsiwithmixedblackandyel- yellowsetaeonventralsideofmeso-andmeta-
lowsetaeatleast.BasalpartofantennomereXI thorax, all femora, and metatibiae. Body length
approximately as wide as the apical part of (apexofmandibles–apexofelytra):15–22mm.
antennomereX(Fig.1b).Elytralyellow-reddish Head:Subquadrate,evidentlywiderthanlong
fasciaewideandvarious(Fig.1c).Foremargins (fromfronto-clypealsuturetoposteriormarginof
ofmesepisternaformingamedianwidegroove; head), with maximum width at level of eyes.
“scutum”(seeBologna&Pinto2002)wide,with Punctures shallow, medium in size and quite
dense long setae on posterior central part (Fig. dense,distancebetweenpunctureslessthantheir
1d). Setae on external side of protibiae and diameter,withalongitudinalimpunctateareaon
protarsomeres I–IV conspicuously longer than centeroffrons.Eyeglobose,withantero-dorsal
those on other parts of tibia and tarsi in male. marginslightly sinuate,justbehindantennalin-
Parameres(Figs1e,f)withslenderandelongate sertion. Temple slightly widened, subparallel,
apicallobes,muchnarrowerthanbasaltwo-third onlyslightlycurvedposteriadandslightlyshorter
inventralview.Distalaedeagaldorsalhookposi- than longitudinal diameter of eye. Clypeus nar-
tionedinthemiddlebetweenproximalhookand rower than interocular width, rounded on sides,
apex;proximalhookslender(Fig.1g). posteriorlywithsimilarpuncturesasonfrons,an-
TheelytralpatternofadultHycleussolonicus teriorly almost smooth and slightly sloping;
isverysimilartoH.quatuordecimpunctatus,H. labrumscarcelynarrowerthanclypeus,rounded
chodschenticus,H.scabiosae,andH.humerosus. on sides, fore margin almost straight in both
However, H. solonicus can be easily distin- sexes,mediallyslightlydepressed.Maxillaryga-
guished from the latter four species by: 1) Hy- leae and palpomeres unmodified in both sexes.
cleussolonicushasnoyellowsetationonprono- Mandiblescurvedandprogressivelynarrowedon
tum and dorsal surface of head, while the latter apicalhalf.Antennaewith11antennomeres(Fig.
fourspecieshavemixedyellowandblacksetae 1b),subopaque;antennomereIapproximatelyas
onpronotumanddorsalsurfaceofhead.2)The long as II–III together; II subglobose; III–IV
body length is 15–22 mm, while the latter four subcylindrical and slender, III slightly longer
species are usually shorter than 15 mm. 3) The thanIV;IV–VIsimilarinlength;VIIslightlylon-
shapeoftheirmesosternal“scutum”isdifferent ger than VI; VIII and IX with similar length,
ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28 (cid:127) RevisionofHycleussolonicus(Meloidae) 223
subtrapezoidal, apically enlarged on external 3.1.3.First-instarlarva
side,increasinginwidthfromVtoXandthende-
creasingfromXtoXI,Xsubquadrateandslightly Diagnosis.Headslightly narrowerthananterior
longer than IX; XI conspicuously narrower and partofpronotum;basalelevationabsent;palpo-
nearlytwiceaslongasX,subcylindricalbutnar- mere MX2 twice as long as MX1, MX3 three
rowedintheapicaltwo-fifth. times as long as MX2; ecdysial line present on
Thorax: Pronotum slightly wider than long, pro-andmesonotumandabsentonmetanotum.
aboutaswideasheadattemple,widestinmiddle, According to the key published by Priami-
slightlyroundedandsubparallelonsidesofbasal kovaandJuchnevitsh(1958),thefirst-instarlar-
half,andthenconspicuouslynarrowinganteriad; vaeofH.solonicuscouldbeeasilydistinguished
foreportionslightlydepressed,aswellasonmid- fromtheotherspeciesofthepolymorphusgroup,
dle of base, just in front of mesonotum, three except H. chodschenticus, by the mesonotum
slight depressions transversely on center; punc- havingeightsetaeonPR.Thefirst-instarlarvaof
turessimilartothoseonhead,withalongitudinal H. solonicus is very similar to that of H.
medialsmallfurrow, almostimpunctate. Elytral chodschenticus,however,andwecouldnotfind
pattern as in Fig. 1a, c. Mesosternum of meso- any differences between them based on the de-
scutatus-type(Fig.1e);apexof“scutum”densely scriptionmadebyJuchnevitsh(1955).Beforethe
covered with long black setae; fore margins of firstinstarlarvaeofthesetwospeciescanbesepa-
mesepisterna forming a wide median groove. rated,adetaileddescriptionisneededalsoforH.
Legsslender;protibiaewithtwospurs,bothtibial chodschenticusinadditiontothedescriptionbe-
spurs on all legs slender; protarsi in both sexes lowforH.solonicus.
withadistinctgoldenventralpad.Protarsilonger Description.Habitus(Fig.2a,b)andmicro-
thanprotibiae,protarsomeresalwayslongerthan sculpture: triungulin elongate, about 3.74 times
wide, slightly widened apically and with dense aslongasgreatestwidth(onmeso-metathorax),
andlongersetaeatapexofI–IVinmalebutI–III evenly narrowed posteriorly. Head, legs, terga
infemale.Longsetaeonexternalsideofprotibiae and abdominal sterna well sclerotised. Colour
andprotarsomeresconspicuouslylongerinmale light-brown.Cuticleofsclerotizedareasofbody
thaninfemale with irregular polygonal meshes, meshes very
Abdomen: Posterior margin of penultimate sparseonhead,pro-,meso-,andmetanotum.
maleabdominalsternitesubrectilinear,thatoflast Head (Figs 2c, d): Cephalic capsule trans-
visiblesterniteemarginated.Parameres(Fig.1e, verse,sub-rectangular,widestatbase,sub-paral-
f) conspicuously elongate in ventral view, their lelonsides;dorsalsurfaceregularlyconvex,with
lengthapproximately1.3timeslengthofphallo- truncateanteriormarginandwithoutbasaleleva-
base;dividedfrommiddle;withslenderandelon- tion.Epicranialsuturevisible,stemshort,frontal
gateapicallobes,muchnarrowerthanbasaltwo- arms almost reaching antennal base. Single
thirds. stemmapresentoneachside,borderalmostinvis-
Aedeagus:Withtwohooks,distalonesmaller ible.Fronsfusedtoclypeuswithoutapparentsu-
thanproximalone,withdifferentshape,andposi- ture; labrum and anterolateral sides of fronto-
tioned in middle between proximal hook and clypeus folded ventrally, fitting host seta, and
apex(Fig.1g);endophallichooklarge.Spiculum partiallycoveringmandibles.Frontoclypealrow
gastraleasinFig.1h. (FCR) with three pairs of setae, lateralmost
(FCR3) nearly ventral due to folding of antero-
3.1.2.Egg lateral frontoclypeus, sub-equal to length of
FCR2;FCR1muchshorterthanothers;sensory
Description.Eggwhite,elongate,roundatboth pitabsent.FourpairsofsetaeposteriortoFCR,
ends,alittlewideratoneapex,andlength/maxi- following a curved line paralleling arms of
malwidthapproximately2.03/0.58mm. epicranialsuture;lateralmostlongest,slightlyan-
teriortoantennalinsertion.Eachepicranialplate
withonesetaposteriorofantennalfossa;ocular
setaunmodified,muchlongerthanothers,placed
224 Panetal. (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28
Fig.2.Hycleussolonicus(Pallas,1782),first-instarlarva.–a.Habitus,dorsalview.–b.Habitus,ventralview.
–c.Head,dorsalview.–d.Head,ventralview.–e.Mouthparts,frontalview.–f.Rightantenna,ventralview.
–g.Metathoracicclaw.–h.Mesothoracicspiracle.
ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28 (cid:127) RevisionofHycleussolonicus(Meloidae) 225
anteriortostemmataandposteriortoocularsen- longasII,withalongapicalseta(antennalseta)
sory pit; four pairs of setae dorsally anterior to slightly shorter than antennomere III, and three
base,onepairoflargepitsdisplacedanteriorlyof short subapical spine-like setae and one minute
medialpair;threepairsofsetaelongitudinallyar- seta,alsowithonebasolateralpit.
rangedonsides.Labrumtransverse,almostcov- Thorax (Fig. 2a): Segments transverse,
ered by clypeus, with straight anterior margin, slightlybroaderthanhead,withtergawellsclero-
withthreepairsofsetaeofdifferentsizesapproxi- tized, subequal in width; pronotum subsquare
mately distributed along margin, and other two withsidesstraightbutslightly enlargedatbase;
setae on center. Mandibles ventral in position, meso-andmetanotumsubrectangular,theirtotal
falcate (Fig. 2d); cutting edge smooth; lateral lengthapproximately0.7timesofthatofprono-
marginwithtwosetaeonbasalhalfandtwopits tum, with sides straight; metanotum slightly
mesodorsally.Maxillae(Fig.2e)withstipesvery shorter than mesonotum and similar in width.
broad, with two rows of setae: apical row (first Ecdysiallinewellmarkedandcompleteonpro-
row)withthreesetae,lateralsetaextremelylong, andmesonotumbutabsentonmetanotum.Prono-
medial seta short; basal row (second row) with tumwith20setae(15longandfiveshort)andsix
single short setae and one pit; cardo transverse, pitspresentsymmetrically ateachsideofecdy-
cardinalsetapresent;malasimple,lobiform,pro- sial line, approximately disposed in three trans-
truding,withseverallongthicksetae;maxillary verse, subparallel rows; anterior row (AR) with
palpi short, slightly longer than stipe, three- three long setae, four short setae and five pits;
jointed:palpomereIshort,IItwiceaslongasI,III middlerow(MR)relativelyconfused,withseven
approximately three times as long as II, with a long setae; posterior row (PR) with five long
largeapicalsensoryareabearingacrownofap- setae,oneshortsetaandonepit;prosternumnot
proximatelysevenconicalpapillaeandamedial sclerotized, sterna of meso- and metathorax
conspicuoussticklikesensorypapillalongerthan slightly sclerotized medially; prosternum with
others;segmentIwithoneventralpit;palpomere threepairsofsmallsetaelongitudinally,arranged
II with two lateral setae, outer one very long, medially (two anterior pairs and a long one be-
subequal to length of stipe, and inner one ex- tweenprocoxae),withtwopairsofshortsetaeon
tremely short; palpomere III asymmetric, sub- external of coxae. Mesonotum three times as
hemispherical,withoneshortsetaoninnerside wideaslong,withninelongsetaeinthreerowson
and one slender, elongate, lateral digitiform eachside:ARwithoneminuteseta,oneshortseta
sensillum.Labiumwithmentumbearingonepair and one pit; MR with five setae; PR with four
ofshortsetaebasally;submentumwithonepair setaeandtwopits;mesosternumwithtwopairsof
of setae positioned subapically and one pit in smallsetaelongitudinally,arrangedmedially(an-
middle;prementumwithonepairofmedialsetae terioroneshortandposterioronelong),andone
near insertions of palpi on prementum and one pairofshortsetaeonexternalofcoxae.Setaeof
pair of minute setae at base; labial palpomere I metathoraxsimilarinnumber,positionandrela-
shortandbroad,labialpalpismall(Fig.2e)with tivesizeasthoseonmesothorax,exceptonlywith
joints very short, cylindrical; II cylindrical, onepairofminutesetaeonARofmetanotum.
slightlymorethantwiceI,withasmallapicalsen- Legs(Fig.2b):Coxaeshortandbroad,obli-
sory appendix surrounded by eight smaller pa- quely truncate and unsclerotized at apex, with
pillae,onesensorypitlateroventrally(outerside). four subapical setae, two minute setae and two
Antennae(Fig.2f)short,anterolaterallydirected; pits; trochanters without setae basally but with
antennomere I short, ring-like, with one dorsal medial belt of six or seven pits and two setae;
andonelateralsensorypit;antennomereIIsub- femora slightly enlarged from base to apex,
cylindrical,aboutfourtimesaslongasI,asym- slightly compressed laterally; profemur shorter
metricalwithtwoshortspinelikeapicalsetae(one than others, meso- and metafemora similar in
dorsolateral,oneventral),andonedorsalpit;sen- length;femoraeachwith12setaeandonepit,ma-
soryappendixonsecondjointreducedtoadisk- jorventralfemoralsetamuchshorterthanfemur,
likeplatelayingobliquelyatventrolateralapex; andincreasinginlengthfrompro-tometafemora;
antennomereIIIslender,cylindrical,abouthalfas tibiotarsiandclawsincreasinginlengthandnar-
226 Panetal. (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28
Fig.3.COIsequencesforDNAbarcodesfrom19individualsofHycleussolonicus.Codesforvariablesites(for
frequencies,seeTable2):M:AorC,R:AorG,W:AorT,Y:CorT,K:GorT,andH:AorCorT(accordingto
TheInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry,IUPAC).
rowing from pro- to metathorax; tibiotarsi with smaller than mesothoracic spiracle, placed on
fourlongitudinalrowsof3–5robustsetae;claws posteriorpartoflaterotergites.
(Fig.2g)thin,acuteandslightlycurvedatapex,
with2sub-basalsetaeofdifferentlength,slightly
displacedatbase,distalsetanearlytwicelonger
3.2.DNAbarcoding
thanproximaloneandalmostapproachingapex.
Abdomen (Fig. 2a, b): Gradually tapering
frombasetoapex,maximumwidthatsegmentI; NineteenmitochondrialCOIsequencesofH.so-
terga rectangular with entire posterior margins; lonicuswereobtainedintotal.Theywerepruned
laterotergitescompletelyfusedwithmedialterga; tolengthsof658bp(Fig.3)aftersequencealign-
terga of segments I–VIII with three transverse mentandthemanualremovaloflowqualitysec-
rows of setae, each lateral half with setation as tions.Initsnucleotidecomposition,A,T,CandG
follows: AR with one minute seta (three on are 27.8%, 34.4%, 20.6% and 17.2% respec-
tergumI)andonepit,MRwiththreeshortsetae tively,whereA+Tcontent(62.2%)ishigherthan
andPRwithfivelongsetaeandonepit;tergum C+Gcontent(37.8%).Therewere636conserva-
IXwithtensetaeintworows(fouronARandsix tivesitesand22variablesites,thelatteronesare
on PR), and two very elongate caudal setae on listed in Table 2. No frame shift or nonsense
apicalmargin,aboutaslongasdistancefroman- codonswerefound.
teriormarginofmesonotumtoposteriormargin ThemeanintraspecificgeneticdistanceinH.
ofabdominaltergumIX.Sternawellsclerotized, solonicuswas0.005,andthemeaninterspecific
entire, subrectangular; setation of sterna as fol- geneticdistancevaluesbetweenthepairsoftwo
lows:ARandMRwithonepairofshortsetae,PR speciesarelistedinTable3.Theinterspecificge-
withthreepairsoflongsetaeformingarowalong netic distance between H. solonicus and H.
posterior margin of sclerites; PR of sternum IX chodschenticuswas0.004,subequaltotheintra-
with two pairs of short setae. Abdominal apex specific genetic distance in H. solonicus. After
(segmentXorpygopod)membranous. checkingtheGenBanksampleinformationofthe
Spiracles:Singlemesothoracicspiracle(Fig. H. chodschenticus sequence JX679716, we be-
2h)ventrolateralinposition;abdominalspiracles lievethatthesubmitterofthatsequenceprobably
I–VIII open, similar in size and shape, slightly determinedthespeciesincorrectly.
ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28 (cid:127) RevisionofHycleussolonicus(Meloidae) 227
Table2.Variablesitesandprobabilitiesofeachbase Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus arvensis (Peng,
inthe19COIsequencesofHycleussolonicus. see in Acknowledgements), Leguminosae (Tan
1986, Guo 1994, Hua 2002): Astragalus pro-
Sites A(%) T(%) C(%) G(%)
pinquus (Tan 1986, Guo 1994), Glycine max
(Zhaoetal.2012),Phaseolusvulgaris(Zhaoet
7 5.9 94.1 – –
al.2012),Paeoniaceae:Paeonialactiflora(Guo
52 66.7 – 33.3 –
58 94.4 – – 5.6 1994),Solanaceae:Solanumtuberosum(Zhaoet
67 5.6 11.1 83.3 – al.2012),andTheaceae:Camelliaoleifera(Zhao
76 16.7 11.1 72.2 – etal.2012).
82 – 94.4 5.6 –
142 – 61.1 38.9 –
144 – 94.4 5.6 –
145 – 94.4 5.6 – 3.4.Distribution
163 38.9 – – 61.1
166 83.3 – – 16.7 HycleussolonicusisdistributedinChina(North-
211 73.7 – – 26.3
ern, Northeastern and Central territories), Ka-
263 – 94.4 5.6 –
zakhstan,Korea,Mongolia(Eastern,Centraland
316 89.4 5.3 5.3 –
337 – 5.3 94.7 – Northern territories), and Russia (Siberia, Far
401 – 21.1 78.9 – East).Recordsofelevationarefrom350to1,296
442 – 5.3 94.7 – ma.s.l.(specimensofIZCAS,MHBU,MHBUa,
472 – 94.7 – 5.3
NKUM).
520 – 5.3 94.7 –
529 – 78.9 21.1 –
541 15.8 84.2 – –
581 – 94.7 5.3 – 4.Discussion
According to the previous literature, Zonabris
3.3.Bionomicsofadults solonicavar.dianaeSahlberg,1913isavarietyof
the species H. solonicus (Sahlberg 1913,
3.3.1.Phenology Sumakov1930,Bologna2008,Panetal.2011a).
Weexaminedapossibletypespecimen(female)
Adults are active in spring and summer, from borrowed from the MZH which had been col-
ApriltoAugust,butmainlyintheearlyandmid- lectedfromthetypelocality[EphesusofTurkey
dleofJuly(recordsoftheearlyandmiddleJuly (”Ephesi”)]anddeterminedbySahlberg,butthe
represent45.45%ofthetotalrecords,specimens type label is absent. We found that Zonabris
of IZCAS, MHBU, MHBUa, NKUM, NXU, solonicavar.dianaeconspicuously differsfrom
TMNH, Reichardt 1934, Kôno 1940, Pan et al. H.solonicus.Therefore,Z.solonicavar.dianae
2010,2011a,2013). remainsinthepolymorphusgroupbutmustbere-
ferred to a species other than H. solonicus. We
3.3.2.Hostplants propose that Z. solonica var. dianae could be a
synonymofHycleusscabiosae(Olivier,1811).
The known host plants of H. solonicus are: Because of incorrect determinations of H.
Amaranthaceae:Betavulgaris(Zhaoetal.2012), solonicus, e. g. as Mylabris axillaris Billberg,
Table3.PairwisedistancesbetweenfivespeciesofHycleusbasedonCOIsequences.
H.solonicus H.chodschenticus H.phaleratus H.cichorii
H.solonicus
H.chodschenticus 0.004
H.phaleratus 0.181 0.182
H.cichorii 0.184 0.186 0.108
H.parvulus 0.105 0.107 0.198 0.173
228 Panetal. (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28
1813 by Tan (1986) and as H. chodschenticus Beijing,China)whoprovidedanidentificationofacertain
(Ballion, 1878) by Pan et al. (2011), the geo- hostplant.FinallythankstoDr.JomoMacdermott(USA)
fortheEnglishrevision.
graphicdistributionofH.solonicusispoorlyde-
Financialsupportforsamplingandsequencinganaly-
fined. According to the present study, there are
sesofthispapercamefromSpecialProjectforScienceand
some doubtful collection localities in the litera- Technology Basic Work from Ministry of Science and
ture: Technology (No. 2012FY111100), The Construction
Foundation for Comprehensive Strength Promotion of
Universities in Mid-western China to Hebei University,
1) SpecimenscollectedinJiangxiProvince(Pan
ThePostdoctoralResearchFoundationofHebeiProvince
etal.2011a,2011b,2013,Zhaoetal.2012)
(No.B2015003007),ScientificResearchProjectofCol-
shouldbelistedfromJiangsuProvince.These legesandUniversitiesinHebeiProvince,YouthProgram
errorsareduetoorthographicmistakes; (No. QN2016067), The Key Laboratory of Zoological
2) TheTurkishlocalityof“Ephesi”recordedby SystematicsandApplication(No.14967611D),whichare
gratefullyacknowledged.
Sahlberg (1913) is the type locality of
Zonabris solonica var. dianae, then referred
bySumakov(1930)asTurkishEuropeanter- References
ritory. After removing this variety (see
above),weconfirmthatH.solonicusdoesnot Beauregard,H.1890:Lesinsectesvésicants.—FélixAl-
can,Paris.xvi+544pp.,34pls.
occurinWTurkey;
Billberg,G.J.1813:MonographiaMylabridum.—Caroli
3) Altai (Kuzin 1954), Georgia (Reiche 1865,
Delén,Holmiae.74+6pp.,7pls.
Sumakov 1930), “Asia Minor” (Sumakov Bologna,M.A.1978:AlcuniMeloididell’Africaorientale
1930),“Turkestan”(Heyden1893,Sumakov emeridionaleedescrizionediunaspecienuova(Cole-
1915,1930)arevariouslocalitiesrecordedin optera, Meloidae). — Quaderni dell’Accademia na-
zionaledeiLincei,Roma243:137–189.
olderliterature.Someofthemcouldreferto
Bologna,M.A.1979:MeloidaediTurchia.Icontributo.
other species, which are quite similar to H.
—FragmentaEntomologica15:143–199.
solonicus,suchasH.humerosus.Therefore, Bologna,M.A.1990:FaunisticaezoogeografiadeiMe-
the validity of these localities needs further loidae(Coleoptera)dellaSomalia.—Biogeographia
verification; (NS)14:293–401.
Bologna,M.A.1991:ColeopteraMeloidae.Faunad’Ita-
4) The following localities are recorded for H.
lia.XXVIII.—Calderini,Bologna.XIV+541pp.
chodschenticus (Pan et al. 2010 2011a,
Bologna,M.A.2008:FamilyMeloidaeGyllenhal,1810.
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Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and laearctic Coleoptera (Vol. 5: Tenebrionoidea): 370–
Turkmenistan. These records probably refer 412.ApolloBooks,Stenstrup.670pp.
Bologna,M.A.&Pinto,J.D.2001:Phylogeneticstudies
tothetrueH.chodschenticus(Ballion,1878);
ofMeloidae(Coleoptera),withemphasisontheevolu-
5) EgyptandSyriarepresentthedistributionof
tionofphoresy.—SystematicEntomology26:33–72.
M. axillaris Billberg, but they were incor- http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3113.2001.00132.x
rectly recorded by Tan (1986) and Hua Bologna,M.A.&Pinto,J.D.2002:TheOldWorldgenera
(2002). ofMeloidae(Coleoptera):akeyandsynopsis.—Jour-
nalofNaturalHistory36:2013–2102.
Bologna,M.A.&Turco,F.2007:TheMeloidae(Coleop-
Acknowledgements.Wewishtothankthefollowingcura- tera)oftheUnitedArabEmirateswithanupdatedAra-
torsorentomologistsattachedtoMuseums,forpermission bianchecklist.—Zootaxa1625:1–33.
tostudytheMeloidaepreservedintheirinstitutionsorpri- Dokhtouroff,W.1889:Faunecoléoptérologiquearalo-ca-
vatecollections,andfortheirhelpfulsupport:Dr.Hong- spienne.XIIIpartie.Meloïdesetcantharides(Mlabri-
BinLiang(IZCAS),Dr.JaakkoMattila(MZH),Prof.Guo- des).—HoraeSocietatisEntomologicaeRossicae24:
QingLiu(NKUM),Prof.Xin-PuWang(NXUM),andDr. 121–192,pl.121.
Shu-LianHao(TMNH).Inparticularwearegratefulto Escherich, K. L. 1892: Uber die Gesetzmäfsigkeit im
Prof. Marco A. Bologna (University of “Roma Tre”, Abändern der Zeichnung bei Insecten. — Deutsche
Rome, Italy) for providing localities information of H. EntomologischeZeitschrift1892:113–130,pl.111.
solonicusfromhiscollections.ThankstoMr.Zhi-Zhong Escherich,K.L.1899:ZurkenntnissderColeopteren-Gat-
Gao(HebeiUniversity,Baoding,China)whocollectedthe tung Zonabris Harold. — Wiener Entomologische
materialsfromthefieldwhichwereusefulforthelarval Zeitung18:84–92,97–109.
morphologicalstudy,andtoMr.BoPeng(MunicipalBu- Fischer,J.B.1827:TentamenconspectusCantharidiarum.
reau of Landscape and Forestry of Xicheng District, Dissertatioinauguralisquamprosummisinmedicina