Revised phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Macrophya Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Symphyta; Tenthredinidae: Tenthredininae)

2011·1.1 MB·

by  M S Saini

Revised phylogenetic analysis of Indian species of genus Macrophya
Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Symphyta; Tenthredinidae: Tenthredininae)
M.S. Saini1 and L. Kaur2
DepartmentofZoology, Punjabi University, Patiala, India.
1email: [email protected])
(
2email: [email protected])
(
Abstract
Revisedphylogeneticanalysiswasperformedfor14speciesofthegenusMacrophya(Hymenoptera:
Tenthredinidae) usingthe phylogenetic analysis package PAUP, based on 15ofthe morphological
characters mostcommonlyusedforMacrophya species identification.Speciesdescriptionswere
derived primarily from "Indian Sawflies Biodiversity" vol. II Saini (2007), Saini and Bharti (1996),
Saini efa/. (1996), and Saini and Vasu (1997). The results are discussed in terms ofevolutionary
trends or biological maxim that "nature prefer to modify the already existing structures so as to
copewith new needs."
Keywords: Phylogenetic analysis, Macrophya, Evolutionary trends.
Introduction
ThegenusMacrophya(Hymenoptera:Tenthredinidae) The purpose of present study is to trace the long
iswidelydistributedgenuswithitsrepresentativesavailablein evolutionary history which modified generalizations into
almostallmainregionsoftheglobe.Withregardtoitsaffinities, specializationsofextremeform tosuitthecircumstances in
it shares most of its characters with Pachyprotasis Hartig. which subsequently insects dwelled. Parsimony analysis is
EvenwithinMacrophyatherangeofcharactersissowidethat used to investigate phylogenetic relationships among
timetotimemanyofitssubgenerawereproposed(Malaise, Macrophya species, using data based on morphological
1945)andbecauseofnodistinctboundariestheyallgotmerged charactersmostcommonlyusedforMacrophyaidentification.
(Ross, 1937; Gibson, 1980). Today noneofits subgenus is With the help of literature contributed by Saini efa/. (1996)
considered to be valid (Abe and Smith,1991). The genus and Saini and Vasu (1997) some different characterswere
Macrophya was first described by Dahlbom (1835) as a usedtotracephylogenyofgenusMacrophya.
subgenusofTenthredoLinnaeus,onthebasisofbodyshape, Materials and Methods
lengthandformofantenna. Hedividedthissubgenusintotwo Speciesdescriptionswerederived primarilyfrom
subsections"A"and"B".Hartig(1837)appliednamestothese "Indian Sawflies Biodiversity" vol. II Saini (2007), Saini
twosubsectionsusing T.(Macrophya)forsubsection"B"and and Bharti (1996), Sainiera/. (1996), and SainiandVasu
T.(M.)(Pachyprotasis)forsubsection"A". Bothofthesewere (1997)andthecharactersused intheanalysiswerethose
laterrecognisedasvalidgenerabyWestwood(1840). givencomparablyforall, oralmostall, species. Tenthredo
The genus is characterized by venation as in rufipodusSainiand Bharti, 1996wasalso included inthe
Pachyprotasis, buttheanalcellmayhaveacrossvein.Malar analysisastheoutgroup. Revised phylogeneticanalysis
space mostly shorter than the diameterof an ocellus. The wascarriedwith a computerprogram PAUPversion4.0,
hindlegsarestronglybuilt,andthekneesreachingandmostly with morecharactersascomparedtoearlierstudy (Saini
exceedingtheapexoftheabdomen(Saini,2007).Thelarval and Kaur, 2010), has been used to infer the phylogeny
stagesfeedonvarietyofwildherbs,shrubsandtrees.Generally (Swofford, 2000). In total 15 morphological characters
adultsfeedonpollens,flowernectarorleafjuiceexudingfrom were used in the phylogenetic analysis Thesewere:
woundscausedbystrongmandibles. However, manyrobust LForewing: (0-without infuscated band, 1-with infuscated
speciesindulgeinzoophagy(Cameron,1882;Rohwer,1913; band)
Benson,1938; Malaise,1945;Naito,1988andGoulet,1996). 2.Bodycolour: (0-notmetallicblue, 1-metallicblue)
)
54 Halteres, Vol.3, 2011
3.Clypeus: (0-not triangularly incised up to 1/4 of its 10. Circumocellar furrow: (0-fine or clear, 1-distinct,
length, 1- triangularly incised up to 1/4 of its length) 2-indistinct, 3-sharp)
4. Frontal area: (0-not below level of eyes, 1-below 11. Postocellar area: (0-flat, 1-subconvex, 2-slightly
level ofeyes) raised, 3-fine
5. Average length of body of female: (0-10 mm, 1- 12. Mesoscutellum: (0-slightly or roundly raised or
above 10mm, 2-below 10mm) elevated, 1-subconvex, 2-prismatic, 3- flat)
6. Subapical teeth of tarsal claw: (0-smaller than 13. Mesepisternum: (0-roundly raised, 1-obtusely
apical teeth, 1-longerorequal to apical teeth) raised, 2-depressed notobtusely raised)
7. Labrum: (0-with rounded anterior margin, 1-with 14. Antenna length: ( 0-2 times or more than 2 times
truncate or subtruncate anterior margin, 2-with slightly of headwidth;1-less than 2 times of head width)
emarginateanteriormargin) 15. Hind femora: (0-hardly reaching apexofabdomen,
8. Median fovea: (0-absent, 1-distinct, 2-indistinct) 1-exceeding apex ofabdomen)
9. Supraantennaltubercles: (0-insignificant, indistinct
or not raised, 1-raised orsignificant)
Table-1: Presence orabsence data forfifteen characters for 14species ofthe genus Macrophyaas used in
the phylogenetic analysis; T. rufipodus Saini and Bharti, 1996 is included as an outgroup.
111111
Cr\cifioc \1/ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
M. andreasi Saini and Vasu, 1997 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 3 1 0 - 1 1
M. brancuccii Muche, 1983 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
M. formosana Rohwer, 1916 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 0 0 1
M. gopeshwan Saini etal., 1986 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 0
M. khasiana Saini etal., 1996 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
M. maculicornis Cameron, 1899 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
M. manganensis Saini efal., 1996 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 1 3 0 0 1 1
M. naga Saini and Vasu, 1997 1 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 1 1 1 0
M. planata (Mocsary, 1909) 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 2 1 2 1 0
M. pompilina Malaise, 1945 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 3 1 1 0 0
M. pseudoplanata Saini etal, 1996 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 1 0
M. regia Forsius, 1930 0 1 0 1 2 1 0 0 3 2 0 0 1
M. rufipodus Saini etal., 1996 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 0
M verticalis Konow, 1998 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
T. rufipodus Saini and Bharti,1996 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 2 1 0
RevisedphylogeneticanalysisofIndianspeciesofgenusMacrophya Dahlbom... 55
Discussion
The outgroup taxon T. rufipodus got separated apex ofabdomen (Character 15, state 0). The derived
from all species of genus Macrophya on the basis of consensus tree identified two groupings to be present
postocellar area fine (Character 11, state 3), in the cladogram. In the first group M. khasiana got
mesepisternum depressed not obtusely raised isolated from M. verticalis, M. brancuccii, M. regia, M.
(Character 13, state2) and hindfemora hardly reaching gopeshwari, M. planata, M. maculicornis and
Results
+++
T. rufipodus
C>2 5>2 1>5
M khasiana
6 9
4+
M
verticalis
2 4 5'!
I I 11 Mbrancuccu
2>;
M regia
5 7
44
M gopeshwari
5>2 2>1
T8I10T12 M planata
9 151215
;>2:>2i>2 1W11W1
M maculicornis
M pseudoplanata
3 7
44-T M manganensis
0>U>2 2>1
5 12':
III M formosana
2 4 57 ':
2>1J>30>1
H
§ I | M pompilina
0>10>M>CO31911
M naga
M rufipodus
- 1 i i i - m andreasi
Fig. 1. Strictconsensustreefor 14 species ofMacrophyaderived from the 7 most parsimonioustrees calculated
from the data in Table 1 ; outgroup = Tenthredorufipodus Saini and Bharti,1996 . Characterofthe ingroup have
been optimized by fasttransformation as implemented in PAUP. Character numbers are above the hashmarks;
state changesareshown belowwith the respective primitiveand derived conditions reported bya '>'. 7 treeswere
found using the computer program PAUP version 4.0, with the shortest tree requiring 28 steps, a consistency
index ( CI ) of0.50, a retention index ( Rl) of0.55 and rescaled consistency index ( RC) of 0.28.
56 Halteres, Vol.3, 2011
M. pseudoplanataonthe basisofaverage length ofbody classificationoftheTenthredinini(Hymenoptera, Symphyta,
offemale is 10mm Character5, state 0). M. verticalis, Tenthredinidae). Contributions of the American
(
M. brancucciiand M. regia due to absence of median Entomological Institute, Gainesville 29(2): 1-135.
foveagotseparated from M. gopeshwari, M. planata, M.
Hartig, T. 1837. Die Familien der Blattwespen und Holzwespen.
maculicornisand M. pseudoplanata. M. brancucciiand
Berlin Haude und Spener.
M. regia are sister species and got isolated from M. :
verticalisdue to characters6 and 9. M. gopeshwarican Malaise, R. 1945. Tenthredinoidea ofSouth-EasternAsiawith a
be distinguished from M. planata, M. maculicornisand general zoogeographical review. Opuscula Entomologica,
M. pseudoplanata duetoaverage length ofbody below Lund supplement 4: 1-288.
10mm (Character5, state2)and labrumwith subtruncate
anterior margin (Character 7, state 1). M. planata on Naito, T. 1988. Systematic position of the genus Rocalia
basis ofcharacters8, 10and 12 gotisolated from sister (Hymenoptera,Tenthredinidae)feedingonfernspores,with
species M. maculicornisand M. pseudoplanata. Dueto description of a new species from Japan. Kontyu 56(4):
798-804.
triangularly incision in clypeus, labrum with slightly
emarginated anterior margin and mesepisternum
Rohwer, SA. 1913. Notesonthefeeding habitsofadultsawflies
obtusely raised M. manganensisgotseparated from M. (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Proceedings of the
formosana, M. pompilina, M. nagaand M. rufipodusand Entomological Society ofWashington 15: 148-149.
all these species showed monophyly as indicated by
homologue 6. M. naga and M. rufipodusat the base of Ross, H.H. 1937.Agenericclassificationofthe Nearcticsawflies
cladogram got separated from closely related species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Illinois Biological Monographs,
M. pompilina due to characters 2, 4, 5, 7 and 10. M. 34: 173.
naga and M. rufipodus on basis ofcharacters 1, 9 and Saini, M.S.2007. IndianSawfliesBiodiversity(Keys,Catalogue&
11 got separated from each other. So, extremely
specializedformsdescended bygradual changes leads ITlelnustthrraetidoonsL).vDoel.hrIIa.dSuunb:faBmiislhyenTeSnitnhgrhe,dMianihneanedrSaanPsalGSeinnugsh
to accumulation of certain appropriate features which Publishers.
represents body organization acquired to become
complex so as to meet requirements which also Saini,M.S.andBharti,H. 1996.Additionoffivenewspeciestothe
underlies the biological maxim. Indian TenthredoLinnaeus (Tenthredinidae, Hymenoptera)
from North-westIndia.AnnalsofEntomology14(2):61-68.
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