Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 207 PDF
Preview Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 207
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology VOLUME207 Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/398 Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Editor DavidM.Whitacre EditorialBoard MaríaFernandaCavieres,PlayaAncha,Valparaíso,Chile•CharlesP.Gerba,Tucson,Arizona,USA JohnGiesy,Saskatoon,Saskatchewan,Canada•O.Hutzinger,Bayreuth,Germany JamesB.Knaak,Getzville,NewYork,USA JamesT.Stevens,Winston-Salem,NorthCarolina,USA RonaldS.Tjeerdema,Davis,California,USA•PimdeVoogt,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands GeorgeW.Ware,Tucson,Arizona,USA FoundingEditor FrancisA.Gunther VOLUME207 123 Coordinating BoardofEditors DR.DAVIDM.WHITACRE,Editor ReviewsofEnvironmentalContaminationandToxicology 5115BunchRoad Summerfield,NorthCarolina27358,USA (336)634-2131(PHONEandFAX) E-mail:[email protected] DR.HERBERTN.NIGG,Editor BulletinofEnvironmentalContaminationandToxicology UniversityofFlorida 700ExperimentStationRoad LakeAlfred,Florida33850,USA (863)956-1151;FAX(941)956-4631 E-mail:[email protected] DR.DANIELR.DOERGE,Editor ArchivesofEnvironmentalContaminationandToxicology 771912thStreet Paron,Arkansas72122,USA (501)821-1147;FAX(501)821-1146 E-mail:[email protected] ISSN0179-5953 ISBN978-1-4419-6405-2 e-ISBN978-1-4419-6406-9 DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-6406-9 SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010930385 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2010 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Usein connectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware, orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyare notidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubject toproprietaryrights. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Foreword International concern in scientific, industrial, and governmental communities over tracesofxenobioticsinfoodsandinbothabioticandbioticenvironmentshasjusti- fiedthepresenttriumvirateofspecializedpublicationsinthisfield:comprehensive reviews, rapidly published research papers and progress reports, and archival doc- umentations.Thesethreeinternationalpublicationsareintegratedandscheduledto providethecoherencyessentialfornon-duplicativeandcurrentprogressinafieldas dynamic and complex as environmental contamination and toxicology. This series isreservedexclusivelyforthediversifiedliteratureon“toxic”chemicalsinourfood, ourfeeds,ourhomes,recreationalandworkingsurroundings,ourdomesticanimals, our wildlife, and ourselves. Tremendous efforts worldwide have been mobilized to evaluate the nature, presence, magnitude, fate, and toxicology of the chemicals loosedupontheEarth.Amongthesequelaeofthisbroadnewemphasisisanunde- niable need for an articulated set of authoritative publications, where one can find the latest important world literature produced by these emerging areas of science togetherwithdocumentationofpertinentancillarylegislation. Researchdirectorsandlegislativeoradministrativeadvisersdonothavethetime to scan the escalating number of technical publications that may contain articles important to current responsibility. Rather, these individuals need the background providedbydetailedreviewsandtheassurancethatthelatestinformationismade available to them, all with minimal literature searching. Similarly, the scientist assigned or attracted to a new problem is required to glean all literature pertinent to the task, to publish new developments or important new experimental details quickly,toinformothersoffindingsthatmightaltertheirownefforts,andeventually topublishallhis/hersupportingdataandconclusionsforarchivalpurposes. In the fields of environmental contamination and toxicology, the sum of these concernsandresponsibilitiesisdecisivelyaddressedbytheuniform,encompassing, andtimelypublicationformatoftheSpringertriumvirate: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology [Vols. 1–97 (1962–1986) as Residue Reviews] for detailed review articles concerned withanyaspectsofchemicalcontaminants,includingpesticides,inthetotal environmentwithtoxicologicalconsiderationsandconsequences. v vi Foreword Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Vol. 1 in 1966) for rapid publication of short reports of significant advances and discoveries in the fields of air, soil, water, and food contamination and pollution as wellasmethodologyandotherdisciplinesconcernedwiththeintroduction, presence,andeffectsoftoxicantsinthetotalenvironment. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Vol. 1 in 1973) for important complete articles emphasizing and describing original exper- imental or theoretical research work pertaining to the scientific aspects of chemicalcontaminantsintheenvironment. ManuscriptsforReviewsandtheArchivesareinidenticalformatsandarepeer reviewed by scientists in the field for adequacy and value; manuscripts for the Bulletin are also reviewed, but are published by photo-offset from camera-ready copy to provide the latest results with minimum delay. The individual editors of thesethreepublicationscomprisethejointCoordinatingBoardofEditorswithrefer- ral within the board of manuscripts submitted to one publication but deemed by majoremphasisorlengthmoresuitableforoneoftheothers. CoordinatingBoardofEditors Preface TheroleofReviewsistopublishdetailedscientificreviewarticlesonallaspectsof environmentalcontaminationandassociatedtoxicologicalconsequences.Sucharti- clesfacilitatetheoftencomplextaskofaccessingandinterpretingcogentscientific datawithintheconfinesofoneormorecloselyrelatedresearchfields. In the nearly 50 years since Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology(formerlyResidueReviews)wasfirstpublished,thenumber,scope,and complexityofenvironmentalpollutionincidentshavegrownunabated.Duringthis entireperiod,theemphasishasbeenonpublishingarticlesthataddressthepresence and toxicity of environmental contaminants. New research is published each year onamyriadofenvironmentalpollutionissuesfacingpeopleworldwide.Thisfact, andtheroutinediscoveryandreportingofnewenvironmentalcontaminationcases, createsanincreasinglyimportantfunctionforReviews. Thestaggeringvolumeofscientificliteraturedemandsremedybywhichdatacan besynthesizedandmadeavailabletoreadersinanabridgedform.Reviewsaddresses thisneedandprovidesdetailedreviewsworldwidetokeyscientistsandscienceor policyadministrators,whetheremployedbygovernment,universities,ortheprivate sector. There is a panoply of environmental issues and concerns on which many sci- entists have focused their research in past years. The scope of this list is quite broad, encompassing environmental events globally that affect marine and terres- trial ecosystems; biotic and abiotic environments; impacts on plants, humans, and wildlife; and pollutants, both chemical and radioactive; as well as the ravages of environmental disease in virtually all environmental media (soil, water, air). New orenhancedsafetyandenvironmentalconcernshaveemergedinthelastdecadeto be added to incidents covered by the media, studied by scientists, and addressed by governmental and private institutions. Among these are events so striking that they are creating a paradigm shift. Two in particular are at the center of ever- increasing media as well as scientific attention: bioterrorism and global warming. Unfortunately, these very worrisome issues are now superimposed on the already extensivelistofongoingenvironmentalchallenges. The ultimate role of publishing scientific research is to enhance understand- ing of the environment in ways that allow the public to be better informed. The term “informed public” as used by Thomas Jefferson in the age of enlightenment vii viii Preface conveyedthethoughtofsoundnessandgoodjudgment.Inthemodernsense,being “well informed” has the narrower meaning of having access to sufficient informa- tion.Becausethepublicstillgetsmostofitsinformationonscienceandtechnology fromTVnewsandreports,theroleforscientistsasinterpretersandbrokersofsci- entificinformationtothepublicwillgrowratherthandiminish.Environmentalism isthenewestglobalpoliticalforce,resultingintheemergenceofmultinationalcon- sortiatocontrolpollutionandtheevolutionoftheenvironmentalethic.Willthenew politicsofthetwenty-firstcenturyinvolveaconsortiumoftechnologistsandenvi- ronmentalists,oraprogressiveconfrontation?Thesemattersareofgenuineconcern togovernmentalagenciesandlegislativebodiesaroundtheworld. Forthosewhomakethedecisionsabouthowourplanetismanaged,thereisan ongoingneedforcontinualsurveillanceandintelligentcontrolstoavoidendanger- ingtheenvironment,publichealth,andwildlife.Ensuringsafety-in-useofthemany chemicalsinvolvedinourhighlyindustrializedcultureisadynamicchallenge,for the old, established materials are continually being displaced by newly developed molecules more acceptable to federal and state regulatory agencies, public health officials,andenvironmentalists. Reviews publishes synoptic articles designed to treat the presence, fate, and, if possible,thesafetyofxenobioticsinanysegmentoftheenvironment.Thesereviews canbeeithergeneralorspecific,butproperlylieinthedomainsofanalyticalchem- istry and its methodology, biochemistry, human and animal medicine, legislation, pharmacology,physiology,toxicology,andregulation.Certainaffairsinfoodtech- nologyconcernedspecificallywithpesticideandotherfood-additiveproblemsmay also be appropriate. Because manuscripts are published inthe order in which they are received in final form, it may seem that some important aspects have been neglected at times. However, these apparent omissions are recognized, and perti- nentmanuscriptsarelikelyinpreparationorplanned.Thefieldissoverylargeand theinterestsinitaresovariedthattheeditorandtheeditorialboardearnestlysolicit authorsandsuggestionsofunderrepresentedtopicstomakethisinternationalbook seriesyetmoreusefulandworthwhile. Justificationforthepreparationofanyreviewforthisbookseriesisthatitdeals with some aspect of the many real problems arising from the presence of foreign chemicalsinoursurroundings.Thus,manuscriptsmayencompasscasestudiesfrom anycountry.Foodadditives,includingpesticides,ortheirmetabolitesthatmayper- sistintohumanfoodandanimalfeedsarewithinthisscope.Additionally,chemical contaminationinanymannerofair,water,soil,orplantoranimallifeiswithinthese objectivesandtheirpurview. Manuscripts are often contributed by invitation. However, nominations for new topicsortopicsinareasthatarerapidlyadvancingarewelcome.Preliminarycom- municationwiththeeditorisrecommendedbeforevolunteeredreviewmanuscripts aresubmitted. Summerfield,NC,USA DavidM.Whitacre Contents ChemicalsofEmergingConcernintheGreatLakesBasin:An AnalysisofEnvironmentalExposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 GaryKlecˇka,CarolynPersoon,andRebeccaCurrie The Elderly as a Sensitive Population in Environmental Exposures:MakingtheCase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 JohnF.Risher,G.DanielTodd,DeanMeyer,andChristieL.Zunker Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 ix Contributors RebeccaCurrie TheDowChemicalCompany,Midland,MI,USA, [email protected] GaryKlecˇka TheDowChemicalCompany,Midland,MI,USA, [email protected] DeanMeyer CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,NationalCenterfor EmergingandZoonoticInfectiousDiseases,1600CliftonRoad,Atlanta,GA 30333,USA,[email protected] CarolynPersoon TheUniversityofIowa,IowaCity,IA,USA, [email protected] JohnF.Risher AgencyforToxicSubstancesandDiseaseRegistry,Divisionof Toxicology(F-32),ToxicologyInformationBranch,1600CliftonRoad,Atlanta, GA30333USA,[email protected] G.DanielTodd AgencyforToxicSubstancesandDiseaseRegistry,Divisionof Toxicology(F-32),ToxicologyInformationBranch,1600CliftonRoad,Atlanta, GA30333USA,[email protected] ChristieL.Zunker DepartmentofNeuroscience,NeuropsychiatricResearch Institute,POBox1415,Fargo,ND58103,USA,[email protected] xi
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