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Titelei_Röser 04.07.2005 9:45 Uhr Seite 3 Edited by Siegfried Röser Reviews in Modern Astronomy 18 From Cosmological Structures to the Milky Way WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KGaA Titelei_Röser 04.07.2005 9:45 Uhr Seite 1 Titelei_Röser 04.07.2005 9:45 Uhr Seite 1 Reviews in Modern Astronomy 18 From Cosmological Structures to the Milky Way Titelei_Röser 04.07.2005 9:45 Uhr Seite 2 Further Titles in Astronomy Phillipps,S. Cotera,A.,Markoff,S.,Geballe,T.R., Falcke,H.(eds.) The Structure and Evolution of Galactic Center Workshop 2002 Galaxies The central 300 parsecs of the Milky 296 pages,2005,Hardcover Way ISBN 0-470-85506-1 Astronomische Nachrichten/ Astronomical Notes Supplementary Issue 1/2003 Stahler,S.W.,Palla,F. 650 pages,2004,Hardcover The Formation of Stars ISBN 3-527-40466-X 865 pages,2004,Softcover ISBN 3-527-40559-3 Rüdiger,G.,Hollerbach,R. The Magnetic Universe Geophysical and Astrophysical Dy- Schielicke,R.E.(ed.) namo Theory Reviews in Modern Astronomy 343 pages,2004,Hardcover Vol.16:The Cosmic Circuit of Matter ISBN 3-527-40409-0 330 pages,2003,Hardcover ISBN 3-527-40451-1 Astronomische Nachrichten / Astronomical Notes Schielicke,R.E.(ed.). ISSN 0004-6337 Reviews in Modern Astronomy Vol.17:The Sun and Planetary Sys- tems - Paradigms for the Universe Astronomische Nachrichten / 324 pages,2004,Hardcover Astronomical Notes 324 (2004) ISBN 3-527-40476-7 Suppl.Issue 2:Short Contributions presentetd at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Astronomische Foukal,P.V. Gesellschaft in Berlin,2002 Solar Astrophysics ISSN 0004-6337 480 pages,2004,Hardcover ISBN 3-527-40374-4 Astronomische Nachrichten / Astronomical Notes 324 (2004 Liddle,A. Suppl.Issue 3:Short Contributions An Introduction to Modern presentetd at the Annual Scientific Cosmology Meeting of the Astronomische Gesellschaft in Freiburg,2003 188 pages,2003,Hardcover ISSN 0004-6337 ISBN 0-470-84834-0 Titelei_Röser 04.07.2005 9:45 Uhr Seite 3 Edited by Siegfried Röser Reviews in Modern Astronomy 18 From Cosmological Structures to the Milky Way WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KGaA Titelei_Röser 04.07.2005 9:45 Uhr Seite 4 Edited on behalf of the Astronomische All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully Gesellschaft by produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and pub- lisher do not warrant the information contained in Dr. Siegfried Röser these books, including this book, to be free of er- Astronomisches Rechen-Institut rors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that state- Mönchhofstraße 12 - 14 ments, data, illustrations, procedural details or other 69120 HEIDELBERG items may inadvertently be inaccurate. Germany Cover Cluster of Galaxies 1ESO657-55 Library of Congress Card No.:applied for (VLTUT1 + FORS1) British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data: © European Southern Observatory A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie;detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de. © 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, micro- film, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be consid- ered unprotected by law. Printing Strauss GmbH,Mörlenbach Binding Litges & Dopf Buchbinderei GmbH, Heppenheim Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Printed on acid-free paper ISBN-13: 978-3-527-40608-1 ISBN-10: 3-527-40608-5 Contents KarlSchwarzschildLecture: TheDawnofX-RayAstronomy ByRiccardoGiacconi(With21Figures) .................................... 1 LudwigBiermannAwardLecture: TheSecondStars ByFalkHerwig(With8Figures) .......................................... 21 CosmologicalStructuresbehindtheMilkyWay ByRenéeKraan-Korteweg(With16Figures) .............................. 48 NewCosmologywithClustersofGalaxies ByPeterSchuecker(With10Figures) ..................................... 76 TheEvolutionofFieldSpiralGalaxiesoverthePast8Gyrs ByAsmusBöhmandBodoL.Ziegler(With9Figures) .................... 106 GalaxyCollisions,GasStripingandStarFormationintheEvolutionofGalaxies ByJanPalouš(With8Figures) .......................................... 125 StarFormationinMergingGalaxyClusters ByChiaraFerrari(With7Figures) ....................................... 147 ContinuousStarFormationinBlueCompactDwarfGalaxies BySimoneRecchiandGerhardHensler(With6Figures) .................. 164 TheProperMotionandGeometricDistanceofM33 ByAndreasBrunthaler(With9Figures) .................................. 179 NIRObservationsoftheGalacticCenter ByR.Schödel,A.Eckart,C.StraubmeierandJ.-U.Pott(With6Figures) .... 195 StructuresintheInterstellarMedium BySonˇaEhlerová(With6Figures) ...................................... 204 OriginsofBrownDwarfs ByVikiJoergens(With9Figures) ....................................... 216 Index ofContributors ............................................. 241 General TableofContents ........................................ 243 General Index ofContributors ................................... 255 Preface The annual series Reviews in Modern Astronomy of the ASTRONOMISCHE GESELLSCHAFTwasestablishedin1988inordertobringthescientificeventsofthe meetingsoftheSocietytotheattentionoftheworldwideastronomicalcommunity. ReviewsinModernAstronomyis devoted exclusively to the Karl Schwarzschild Lectures, the Ludwig Biermann Award Lectures, the invited reviews, and to the HighlightContributionsfromleadingscientistsreportingonrecentprogressandsci- entificachievementsattheirrespectiveresearchinstitutes. The Karl Schwarzschild Lectures constitute a special series of invited reviews deliveredbyoutstandingscientistswhohavebeenawardedtheKarlSchwarzschild MedaloftheAstronomischeGesellschaft,whereasexcellentyoungastronomersare honouredbytheLudwigBiermannPrize. Volume18continuestheserieswithtwelveinvitedreviewsandHighlightCon- tributionswhichwerepresentedduringtheInternationalScientificConferenceofthe Societyon“FromCosmologicalStructurestotheMilkyWay”,heldatPrague,Czech Republic,September20to25,2004. The Karl Schwarzschildmedal 2004was awarded to Professor Riccardo Giac- coni, Washington, D.C., USA. His lecture with the title “The Dawn of X-Ray As- tronomy”openedthemeeting. ThetalkpresentedbytheLudwigBiermannPrizewinner2004,DrFalkHerwig, LosAlamos,USA,dealtwiththetopic“TheSecondStars”. Other contributions to the meeting published in this volume discuss, among other subjects, X-ray astronomy, cosmology, galaxy evolution, star formation and theGalacticCentre. The presentation by Alvaro Giménez on the Hot Topic “The Future of ESA’s SpaceProgramme”isnotprintedinReviewsinModernAstronomy;thespeakerem- phasizedthattheESAprogrammeissomuchinprogressatpresent,thataninterested readerwillbebetterinformedandcontinuouslyupdatedthroughESA’sweb-pages. Theeditorwouldliketothankthelecturersforstimulatingpresentations.Thanks alsotothelocalorganizingcommitteefromtheAstronomicalInstituteoftheCharles UniversityofPrague,CzechRepublic,chairedbyMartinŠolc. Heidelberg,April2005 SiegfriedRöser