Review of Public Administration and Management

296 Pages·2013·1.42 MB·English

Review of Public
Administration and Management

Vol. 1 No. 3 ISSN 2315-7844 July, 2013

A bi-annual Journal of the Department of Public Adminitration
Nnamdi Azikiwe Univeristy, Awka, Nigeria
Website: www.arabianjbmr.com; http://reviewofpublicadministration.wordpress.com
E-mail:[email protected]

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Review of Public Administration and Management

© Department of Public Administration, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria

Published July, 2013 by Department of Public Administration, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka,
Nigeria

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any other information storage and
retrieval system, without prior permission of the publishers.

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Editorial Board

Chief Editor: Prof. M.C. Muo, Ph.D, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka

Executive Managing Editor: Emma E.O. Chukiwuemeka, (Assoc. Prof.), Ph.D, Nnamdi Azikiwe
University, Awka

Members:
Prof. F.C. Nze, Godfrey Okoye University, Enugu

Prof. J.C. Okoye , Ph.D - Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
Prof. Ezimma Nnabuife, Ph.D Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
Prof. Chikelue Ofuebe, Ph.D University of Nigeria Nsukka
Ngozi Ewuim, Ph.D Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
Okey Francis Chikeleze, Ph.D Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu

Ehsan Azhar,M.Sc Sohar University, Sohar Sultanate of Oman, Saudi Arabia

Consulting Editors:
Prof. Kunle Awotokun, Ph.D – Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife
Prof. Emma Ezeani, Ph.D – University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Prof. Ike Ndolo, Ph.D – Enugu State University ofScience and Tech, Enugu

Prof. Charles Okigbo, Ph.D – North Dakota State University, United States of America

Prof.B.C. Nwankwo, Ph.D – Kogi State University, Ayingba
Chukwumerije Okereke, Ph.D, University of Reading, United Kingdom
D. Stamatakis , Ph.D– Athens National and Kapodistrian University

I.M. Ambe, Ph.D - University of South Africa

S. Jabulani, – University of Swaziland

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Editorial Policy

The Review of Public Administration and Management is a referred Journal that is published by The
Department of Public Administration, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria bi-annually (July and
November). The Journal endeavors to provide a forum for researchers, practitioners, students, resource
persons and other people in the academia who are interested in the discussion of current and future issues
and challenges impacting on the field of Public Administration, Management Sciences, Humanities,
Education, Arts and Social Sciences. We adopt double blind peer review policy in which both authors and
reviewers are kept anonymous so as to maintain the high technical and quality standards as required by
the researchers.

The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and
scientific excellence. Papers submitted will be published approximately two months after acceptance.
.
Interested contributors should type their scientific papers on A4 size with wide margins and double line
spacing in 12 fonts. It should not exceed 15 pages including the abstract of not more than 250 words. Not
more than five keywords should be provided immediately after abstract. The paper should be empirical or
theoretical, well researched, and persuasive. Short communications, original research articles, reviews,
commentaries and methods could also be considered. Contributors should include: brief profile of the
author including institutional affiliation and status, title of paper, abstract, introduction, statement of
problem, review of related literature, method of investigation, discussion of findings and
recommendations. Authors should include their phone numbers including addresses and e-mail.

Manuscripts must be in conformity with the American Psychological Association (APA) documentation
style 6th edition. Journal titles should be abbreviated for multiple citations in the same year, a,b,c, should
be used immediately following the year of publication.

Manuscripts should be submitted in hard copy and soft copy in CD with password clearly indicated.

Correspondence should be addressed to the Executive Managing Editor,
Review of Public Administration and Management
Department of Public Administration, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
Nigeria, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State
Tel: [phone]
Email:[email protected] or [email protected]

The views expressed in the articles do not reflect that of the Editorial Board but of the author(s)
concerned.

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The Contributors

Onyima Jude. Dr. Nzewi Hope and
Dr. Obianuju Chiekezie - Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka

Dr. Osa-Edoh G.I. (Assoc. Prof) - Faculty of Education, University of Benin

Dr, Vin Onodugo and Prof.
U.J.F. Ewurum - Faculty of Administration, University of Nigeria

Echekoba Felix and Ezu Gideon - Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka

Prof. F.C. Okoli and Dr. Edwin
Izueke - University of Nigeria Nsukka

Dr. Salome Ezeani - Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti

Oladele Rotimi - Adekunle Ajasin University Akungba Onto State

Dr. Okeke VOS - Anambra State University, Igbariam

Dr. Ugwu Chukwuka - University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Eme Okechukwu - University of Nigeria Nsuka

Dr.Edwin Izueke - University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Dr. Nkwoede Joseph, Tiben Benz
Nwali - Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki

Ude Alexander - Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki

Dr. Fatile Jacob, Dr. Okewale
Raheem - Lagos State University Ojo

Francis Chikwem - University of Nigeria Nsuka

Prof. Fidelis Okpata - Ebonyi State University,Abakaliki

Aniebo, CAJ - Madonna University Okija

Oguanobi, C, Akamobi A, - Anambra State University, Igbariam

Dr. Sunny Udeze - Enugu State University of Science and Technology

Oko Theophilus - Enugu State University of Science and Technology
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Dr. Emma Chukwuemeka (Assoc. Prof) Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka

Dr. Okey Oji - National Boundary Commission, Abuja

Chukwurah, DJC - Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka

Dr.Okafor Obiefuna - Federal Polytechnic Oko.

Anslem Nweke - Anambra State University, Igbariam

Momoh Attai, Makoji Stephen
And Alfa Patrick I. - Federal Polytechnic Ida, Kogi State

Dr. Pat. Ola Oyeniyi - Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti

J.O. Ogusanya - Emmanuel Alayande College of Ed. Oyo

Aremu, F.O. - Kogi State College of Education (Tech.) Kabba

Dr. Killian Ogiedu and James Odia - University of Benin, Benin City

Udunze Ugochukwu - Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka

Okonta Jolly - University of Benin, Benin City.

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In this Issue page

The effect of apprenticeship and social capital on new Business creation process of
Immigrant entrepreneurs – Hope Nzewi et al 1

Employment and career status of people with disability- Osa-Edoh 12

Coping with leadership challenges for organizational survival and growth -
Onodugo Vincent and Ewurun UJF 25

Islamic Banking in Nigeria: A critical appraisal of its effect on Nigerian Economy -
Echokoba Felix and Gideon Ezu 37

Payout policy, agency conflict and corporate governance in Nigeria -\
James Odia and Killian Ogiedu 49

Local Government Leadership, wealth creation and poverty reduction in Nigeria –
F.C. Okoli and Edwin Izueke 63

Threats to Security in Nigeria – Arinze Ngwube 74

Computer hardware and software an accountant must know in this era of
Computer age – Ezeani Nneka and Oladele Rotimi 89

Nigerian Political Culture: The saga of militarism – Okeke V and Ugwu C 98

Local Government and Fiscal Autonomy for Local Government in Nigeria –
Eme Okechukwu, Edwin Izueka and Ngozi Ewuim 112

Fiscal Federalism and Challenges of Development in Nigeria: A Search for
Remediation – Nkwoede Joseph , Tiben Benz Nwali and Joe Orga 121

Adoption of IFRS as a strategy for capital flight in the third world countries –
Udeh Alexander 133

Corruption and democracy in Nigerian Local Government – Fatile Jacob and
Okewale Akanni 140

Boko Haram and Security Threat in Nigeria: A new Twist of Political Game in Town

Security and The rule of law in Nigeria – Felix Okpata and Tiben Benz Nwali 173

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Post Consolidation employment growth in the Banking Sector: The case of
First Bank Nigeria PLC – Aniebo C.A.J. et al. 187

The new Media and Digital Divid: Knowledge gap Exacerbated – Sunny Udeze
And Oko Theophilus 199

Give them their Rights: A Critical Review of godfatherism and godson
Politics in Nigeria – Emma Chukwuemeka, Okey Oji and Chukwurah DJC 208

Shelter for all: An appraisal of Implementation of the National Housing Policy –
Obiefuna Okafor 220

Securing Local Government Funds for National Development: An Overview –
Anselem Nweke 235

Analysis of the Risk in Information Technology outsourcing in Public Organisation –
Momoh A et al. 243

Environmental Resources for Teaching Physical Education and Health
Education to persons with disability - Pat Ola Oyeniyi et al 248

Relationship between Budget Participation, Budget Procedural Fairness, Organisational
Commitment and Managerial Performance – Killian Ogiedu et al 252

Local Government as an agent of Transformation in Nation Building –
Udenze Ugochukwu 270

Anxiety and Test Performance: Implications for Counseling –
Osa-Edoh and Okonta Jolly 281
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Effect of Apprenticeship and Social Capital on New Business Creation
Process of ‘Immigrant’ Entrepreneurs

Onyima Jude K.C., Nzewi Hope N. & Chiekezie, Obianuju M.
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of apprenticeship and social capital on new business creation process of Igbo
entrepreneurs in Wukari Taraba State. The high success rate of apprentice-turned entrepreneurs and increasing
attachment of these entrepreneurs to their ethnic based union were the reasons that gave rise to the study. 40
businesses located in Wukari Local Government Area that were established by Igbos were randomly selected and
questionnaire method was the mechanism applied in generating responses. Findings revealed that while
apprenticeship had significant effects on pre-founding activities- when the business was taking off, social capital
became important when the business had been established. Apprenticeship had significant effects on business idea
generation, idea modification, business location and financing while social capital served as source of insurance
services and access to information. The study recommends that apprenticeship practice should be revived and
modernized and also that ethnic based unions should be given legal recognition and restructured to play both social
and economic roles

Introduction

Entrepreneurship among immigrants is on the rise worldwide as more immigrants are
deliberately choosing self employment. In the view of Tanaka and Krishnan (2006), they are
even more likely to be self-employed than natives. Immigrant entrepreneurs, from ethnics’
entrepreneurship literature, are persons who migrated from their home/region to another region
with different set of business culture, customs and language and run their own business ventures
there. The growth in the number of immigrant entrepreneurs is viewed as a way for labour
market inclusion for the immigrants (Hedberg, 2009)

Immigrant entrepreneurs usually start their business venture in their states of origin and become
‘self employed’ then turn to be ‘immigrant entrepreneurs. Although the number of immigrant
entrepreneurs from abroad who develop business ventures in host states is growing, the number
of successful ones is few. These entrepreneurs face many difficulties both in registering and in
founding activities owing to high entry barriers. The level of entrance barriers may differ
between states and even locations within a country because of differences in the business
environment. Suwannapisit and Apiratpinyo (2010) opined that the complicated processes and
difficulties faced by these entrepreneurs could be the reason why some new entrepreneurs
commence business without proper registration. Some of these barrier problems include lack of
credibility with customers and investors, spoken and written language barrier, the legitimacy
procedure, taxation and employment procedures. Furthermore, legal systems, lack of focus, poor
understanding of the market, lack of exit route and the poor understanding of unwritten rules and
business culture of the host state are possible challenges facing immigrant entrepreneurs.
Moreover, immigrant entrepreneurs’ firms are often smaller in size and less successful than
mainstream business (Butler and Greene, 1997) due to lack of financial capital, discrimination,
language problem and limited markets, when they remain within the ethnic market (Walton-
Roberts and Herbert, 1997).
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Many studies conducted in the field of immigrant entrepreneurship revealed that many
immigrant entrepreneurs relied on human and social capital in overcoming these entry barriers.
Knowing that establishing new venture in another environment is more difficult than starting
their business venture at home, these entrepreneurs used social and human capital to cushion the
effects of unfamiliar environment. With reference to effectuation theory, entrepreneurs as
creative actors usually develop opportunities and markets from the existing resources on hand
with major concern on ‘who they are, what they know and whom they know’ (Saravasthy, 2001).
In other words, the major concern of entrepreneurs in overcoming these entry barriers is focused
on the human and social capital that they can lay hands on. In the context of immigrant
entrepreneurship, social capital is referred to as the set of facilitating network factors that include
the use of co-ethnic markets, co-ethnic suppliers and employees, and community sources of
information, capital and advise. Social capital can assume different forms such as social skill,
charisma, cooperative nature or care for others. It is a productive resource at the interface of
individual and collective interest. Deakins et al (2007) posited that social capital is a
commitment from partners to reduce uncertainties and facilitate flow of information as well as
create opportunities for personal and societal wealth.

Human capital on the other hand refers to possession of skills, work experience, knowledge or
other useful characteristics (motivational incentive, leadership style and locus of control). Other
human capital factors that affect entrepreneurship include gender, age, ethnicity, relevant
industry experience and general management experience (Shepherd et al, 2000; Lee and Chang,
2005). Human capital such as apprenticeship education enables immigrant entrepreneurs to deal
with a host of challenges. Some scholars have claimed that success in entrepreneurial venture
can be attributed to superior human capital resource and not other external factors. For instance,
Sanders and Nee (1997) had proved that human capital resources are positively related to
business longevity and profit. They also proved that an immigrant with higher apprenticeship
education have greater chances of succeeding in new venture creation.

Since time immemorial, people have transferred skills from one generation to another in some
form of apprenticeship. In Nigeria and all over Africa, apprenticeship has been an age long
method of training young people in trade and craft, agriculture, business and catering. When
youths in olden days achieved the status of skilled worker; they become important members of
the society. In Igboland, apprenticeship system was an institution that was generally guarded by
customs, lineage and rituals. Every male born into a family was expected to learn his matrilineal
craft, and it was easy to identify a young male child as a member of lineage found to be
proficient in the lineage craft.

The apprenticeship system was brought to the limelight in Nigeria after the Nigerian-Biafran
war. Many parents who were left with nothing after the war were forced to send their children (8-
20 years) to survive as traders. This was how Igbo settlers after the war rebuilt Onitsha, Nnewi,
Aba and most parts of Lagos. In the apprenticeship system, the ‘Oga’ and ‘Nwaboyi’ are in
agreement for a period ranging from 4-7 years whereby the apprentice is to serve and learn from
the ‘Oga’. Usually, the mode of settlement is contained in the agreement.

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