Review of Extraction, Processing, Properties, and Applications of Reactive Metals: 1999 TMS Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, February 28 - March 15, 1999 PDF
Preview Review of Extraction, Processing, Properties, and Applications of Reactive Metals: 1999 TMS Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, February 28 - March 15, 1999
REVIEW OF EXTRACTION, PROCESSING^ PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS OF REACTIVE METALS Edited by Brajendra Mishra REVIEW OF EXTRACTION, PROCESSING, PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS OF REACTIVE METALS Proceedings of Symposium sponsored by the Reactive Metals Committee of the Light Metals Division (LMD) of TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society) 1999 TMS Annual Meeting San Diego, CA February 28- March 15,1999 Edited by Brajendra Mishra A Publication of TMS A Publication of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 184 Thorn Hill Road Warrendale, Pennsylvania 15086-7528 (724) 776-9000 Visit the TMS web site at http://www.tms.org The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society is not responsible for statements or opinions and is absolved of liability due to misuse of information contained in this publication. Printed in the United States of America ISBN Number 0-87339-423-2 Authorization to photocopy items for inter nal or personal use, or the internal or per sonal use of specific clients, is granted by The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society for us ers registered with the Copyright Clearance TMS Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Serv ice, provided that the base fee of $7.00 per copy is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 27 Congress Street, Salem, Massachu setts 01970. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by Copy right Clearance Center, a separate system of payment has been arranged. © 2001 If you are interested in purchasing a copy of this book, or if you would like to receive the latest TMS publications catalog, please telephone 1-800-759-4867 (U.S. only) or 724-776-9000, EXT. 270. TABLE OF CONTENTS Zirconium and Hafnium J.C. Haygarth, R.A. Graham 1 Extractive Metallurgy of Molybdenum M.C.Jha 73 Niobium B. Mishra, P. Termsuksawad 83 Berryllium B. Mishra, D.h. Olson 135 Titanium Metal: Extraction to Application J. Gambogi, S.J. Gerdemann 175 Author Index 211 v ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM John C. Haygarth and Ronald A. Graham Oremet-Wah Chang An Allegheny-Teledyne Company 1600 Old Salem Road, NE, Albany, OR 97321-4548 Abstract Zirconium and hafnium occur together in nature. Both have high melting-points and form stable compounds with most elements. The stability of the oxides and their ability to form a tightly- adhering layer confers a high level of corrosion resistance in aqueous and other media. Zirconium has a low capture cross-section for thermal neutrons, and this attribute accounts for its extensive use for nuclear fuel cladding and other reactor core structural materials. Hafnium with its high cross-section finds application in control rods. Zirconium and hafnium find use in chemical pro cess equipment in acid and basic media, and for alloy additives. Zirconium compounds having commercial use include the oxides, sulfates, carbonates and tetrachlorides. Zirconium and hafnium are obtained from zircon, ZrSi0 , and baddeleyite, ZrO Zircon is 4 r produced commercially from mining beach and dune heavy sand deposits in Australia, South Africa, Florida, and elsewhere. Baddeleyite is mined in South Africa and in the Kola Peninsula in Russia. Several processes are used to decompose zircon and baddeleyite. For nuclear applications haf nium (starting at about 1.5-3%) must be separated from the zirconium to less than 100 ppm. This is done commercially by any of four processes, dependent partially on the initial step used. Owing to the high oxygen affinity of both metals and the high solubility of oxygen in them, all commercially operated reduction processes start with either the chlorides, fluorides, or double fluorides with potassium or sodium. The metals as initially won are then subjected to melting to consolidate and purify them for metallurgical processing. Consolidation to ingot is usually done by vacuum arc melting, with electron beam melting used only if some additional purification is needed. Two or three successive melting operations provide ingots up to 760 mm diameter, weighing approximately eight tonnes. The ingots are processed using conventional hot and cold working techniques. Both metals can be welded, cast, machined, ground, pickled and formed using mostly conventional techniques, with allowances for the reac tive nature of the metals with the atmosphere. Review of Extraction, Processing, Properties and Applications of Reactive Metals Edited by Brajendra Mishra TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), 2001 1 Topical Index Introduction Literature Sources on Zirconium and Hafnium Discovery and History Occurence Commercial Deposit General Properties and Applications of the Elements and some of their Alloys and Compounds Applications of the Metals and their Alloys other than in the Nuclear and Chemical Industries Safety Precautions Properties and Applications of some Zirconium and Hafnium Compounds Decomposition of Zirconium Ores Preparation of Zirconium Compounds and Intermediates Separation of Zirconium and Hafnium: Commercial Processes Alternative Separation Processes Reduction to the Metals Alternative Reduction Processes Purification of the Metals Vacuum Arc Consolidation Recycling of Zirconium and Hafnium Therm omechanical Processing Powder Metallurgy Joining Techniques Castings Fabrication Physical Metallurgy Metallography References 2
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