Reverse Osmosis: Industrial Processes and Applications

475 Pages·2015·5.48 MB·English

by  Jane Kucera

Reverse Osmosis
Scrivener Publishing
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Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Reverse Osmosis
Industrial Processes and Applications
2nd Edition
Jane Kucera
Copyright © 2015 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Salem,
Massachusetts.
Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Cover design by Kris Hackott
Library of Congr ess Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
ISBN 978-1-118-63974-0
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For my dad; he’ll always be O.K.

Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgements for the First Edition xvii
Acknowledgements for the Second Edition xix
Part 1: Fundamentals
1 Introduction and History of Development 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.1.1 Uses of Reverse Osmosis 4
1.1.2 History of Reverse Osmosis Development 5
1.1.3 Recent Advances in RO Membrane Technology 10
1.1.4 Future Advancements 12
1.1.5 A dvances Since First Edition of this Book 12
References 16
2 Reverse Osmosis Principles 19
2.1 Osmosis 19
2.2 R everse Osmosis 21
2.3 Dead-End Filtration 22
2.4 Cross-Flow Filtration 23
3 Basic Terms and Defi nitions 25
3.1 Reverse Osmosis System Flow Rating 25
3.2 R ecovery 26
3.3 Rejection 28
3.4 Flux 31
3.5 Concentration Polarization 33
3.6 Beta 34
3.7 Fouling 35
vii
viii Contents
3.8 Scaling 38
3.9 Silt Density Index 40
3.10 Modifi ed Fouling Index 43
3.11 Langelier Saturation Index 46
References 47
4 Membranes 49
4.1 Transport Models 50
4.1.1 Solution–Diff usion Model (non-porous model) 50
4.1.2 Solution–Diff usion Imperfection Model
(porous model) 52
4.1.3 Finely-Porous Model (porous model) 53
4.1.4 Preferential Sorption – Capillary Flow Model
(porous model) 54
4.1.5 Phenomenological Transport Relationship
(Irreversible thermodynamics) 54
4.2 Membrane Materials 54
4.2.1 Cellulose Acetate Membranes—Asymmetric
Membranes 55
4.2.2 Polyamide and Composite Membranes 59
4.2.3 Improvements to Polyamide, Composite
Membranes 64
4.2.4 Other Membrane Materials 65
4.3 Membrane Modules 65
4.3.1 Plate and Frame Modules 66
4.3.2 Tubular Modules 67
4.3.3 Spiral Wound Modules 68
4.3.4 Hollow Fine Fiber Membrane Modules 80
4.3.5 Other Module Confi gurations 82
4.4 Commercially-Available Membranes 83
4.4.1 Seawater Water Membranes 83
4.4.2 Brackish Water Membranes 85
References 91
5 Basic Flow Patterns 95
5.1 Arrays 95
5.2 Recycle 100
5.3 Double Pass 101
5.4 Multiple Trains 103