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Retrofitting Leninism Retrofitting Leninism Participation Without Democracy in China DIMITAR D. GUEORGUIEV 1 3 OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.Itfurthers theUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducation bypublishingworldwide.OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversity PressintheUKandincertainothercountries. PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica. ©OxfordUniversityPress2021 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicense,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereproduction rightsorganization.Inquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove. Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Gueorguiev,DimitarD.,author. Title:RetrofittingLeninism:participationwithoutdemocracyinChina/DimitarD.Gueorguiev. Description:NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,[2021]| Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2021016579(print)|LCCN2021016580(ebook)|ISBN9780197555675 (paperback)|ISBN9780197555668(hardback)|ISBN9780197555699(epub) Subjects:LCSH:Politicalparticipation—China.|Lenin,VladimirIlyich,1870-1924—Politicaland socialviews.|Politicalculture—China.|Democracy–China.|China–Politicsandgovernment. Classification:LCCJQ1516.G842021(print)|LCCJQ1516(ebook)|DDC323/.0420951—dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021016579 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021016580 DOI:10.1093/oso/9780197555668.001.0001 PaperbackprintedbyLSCCommunications,UnitedStatesofAmerica HardbackprintedbyBridgeportNationalBindery,Inc.,UnitedStatesofAmerica Contents ListofFigures vii ListofTables ix Preface xi Introduction 1 ThePartyandthePeople 3 ParticipationWithoutDemocracy 10 ThePlanoftheBook 12 PARTI THEORYANDORIGINSOFINCLUSIVECONTROL INCHINA 1. BlendingControlandInclusion 19 GoverningUnderAutocracy 20 TheoreticalIllustration 27 UpdatingLeninisminChina 34 2. FoundationsofControlledInclusion 41 HistoricalRoots 42 PoliticalLegacies 47 MaoistCharacteristics 52 SelectiveReform 57 FromPasttoPresent 65 PARTII CONNECTINGINPUTSWITHOUTPUTS 3. ParticipationinOversight 69 TheProblemofOversight 71 NetworkSupervision 74 WhistleblowerEffects 78 IntegratingSupervision 85 4. ParticipationinPlanning 87 StructuredConsultation 89 TrialBalloons 93 GaugingPublicOpinion 95 5. ProcessingPublicInputs 107 InformationProcessing 108 vi contents StructuredRepresentation 113 Prioritization 119 RepresentationbyDesign 126 PARTIII DOWNSTREAMPOLICYIMPLICATIONS 6. PolicyStabilityandAvoidingBlunders 131 SolicitingPublicInput 133 DownstreamStability 139 NoNeedforSpeed 146 7. SpendingTogether 147 RebuildingTrust 148 AnUnlikelyExperiment 155 FindingaBalance 168 8. RemoteControl 171 FromHardwaretoSoftware 175 PassiveControl 180 ThePoliticalDisconnectinTechnicalControl 188 Conclusion 191 DoubleHedgingfortheFuture 194 AChinaModel 200 FinalThoughts 205 Bibliography 209 Index 229 OnlineAppendixaccessibleonOxfordScholarshipOnline List of Figures 1.1 IntersectionofControlandInclusion 28 1.2 ControlandInclusion,AcrossProvinces 31 2.1 MassSupervisionvs.MassCampaigns 59 2.2 NetizenParticipation 65 3.1 ReportsandDisciplinaryAction 79 3.2 ICTInfrastructureandNetworkSpeed 81 4.1 PublicConsultationandPolicyChoices 100 4.2 PublicPreferenceDistribution 103 5.1 PetitionReporting 111 5.2 SuggestionReporting 112 5.3 PredictorsofEncompassingProposals 124 5.4 DiversityDiscontinuityasaFunctionofSponsors 125 6.1 InternetInfrastructureandConsultation 138 7.1 LocalRevenueandExpenditure 152 7.2 SampledVillages 161 7.3 ParticipationandPoliticalAttitudes 163 7.4 Localvs.CenterEffects 164 8.1 NPCConsultationParticipationRates 178 8.2 SocialCreditingandPublicTrust 184 8.3 SupportforSocialCreditingSystem 185 8.4 SCSEffectonTrust 187 C.1 E-Participation,Governance,andDemocracy 203 List of Tables 3.1 ProvincialWhistleblowerProtections 77 3.2 SupervisionandControlVariables 82 3.3 InstrumentalVariableEstimateofCitizenReportingImpact 83 4.1 PublicPolarizationAcrossPolicies 105 5.1 ProposalCoding 121 5.2 ShenzhenMPCDelegates 123 5.3 ProposalDiversityPlaceboTest 126 6.1 ConsultationAcrossCategories 136 6.2 ConsultationandPolicyDeceleration 140 6.3 ConsultationandPolicyRepeal 141 6.4 ConsultationandPolicyAmendment 142 6.5 ParticipationandPolicyStability 144–145 7.1 ZeguoSampleDemographics 161 7.2 ParticipationEffectonGovernanceEvaluation 166