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RETINA Editor-In-Chief Stephen J. Ryan MD President, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA Volume One Part 1 Retinal Imaging and Diagnostics Edited by SriniVas R. Sadda MD Part 2 Basic Science and Translation to Therapy Edited by David R. Hinton MD Volume Two Medical Retina Edited by Andrew P. Schachat MD and SriniVas R. Sadda MD Volume Three Part 1 Surgical Retina Edited by C. P. Wilkinson MD and Peter Wiedemann MD Part 2 Tumors of the Retina, Choroid, and Vitreous Edited by Andrew P. Schachat MD Copyright © 2013, 2006, 2001, 1994, 1989 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 15: “Function and Anatomy of the Mammalian Retina” by Ronald G. Gregg, Maureen A. McCall, Stephen C. Massey: Stephen C. Massey retains copyright to his portion of the contribution and his original figures. Chapter 25: “Inflammatory Response and Mediators in Retinal Injury”: Chapter is in the public domain. Chapter 66: “Neovascular (Exudative or “Wet”) Age-Related Macular Degeneration”: Neil M. Bressler’s figures and tables © Johns Hopkins University Chapter 77: “Autoimmune Retinopathies”: Chapter is in the public domain. Video: “Peripheral Retinal Detachment during Macular Hole Surgery”: Stanley Chang retains copyright to his original video. Video: “Optimal Procedures For Retinal Detachment Repair [Cryo (vity air), Fluid air2, Scleral sutures]; © EyeMovies Ltd First edition 1989 Second edition 1994 Third edition 2001 Fourth edition 2006 Fifth edition 2013 No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www. elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Retina. 1. Retina–Diseases. 2. Retina–Surgery. 3. Retina–Physiology. I. Ryan, Stephen J., 1940-617.7′35-dc23 ISBN-13: 9781455707379 Ebook ISBN: 9781455737802 Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The Working together to grow publisher’s libraries in developing countries policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org Senior Content Strategist: Russell Gabbedy Content Development Specialist: Nani Clansey Content Coordinator: Emma Cole/Trinity Hutton/Sam Crowe/Humayra Rahman Project Manager: Caroline Jones Design: Miles Hitchen Illustration Manager: Jennifer Rose Illustrator: Antbits Marketing Manager: Helena Mutak Cover image photographer: Tamera Schoenholz, CRA, OCT-C Video Table of Contents Section 1: Retinal Reattachment: General Surgical Principles Section 4: Retinal Vascular Diseases and Techniques 20. Vitrectomy and Membrane Dissection of Diabetic 1. Techniques of Scleral Buckling Traction Retinal Detachment Paul Sullivan - Chapter 100 Jose Garcia-Arumi 2. A case of Primary Vitrectomy for Treating 21. Vitrectomy for Diffuse Diabetic Macular Edema Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Zdenek J. Gregor, Lyndon da Cruz Young Hee Yoon - Chapter 102 Section 5: Complications in Vitreoretinal Surgery 3. Primary Vitrectomy for Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment 22. Complications in Vitreoretinal Surgery – Introduction Hiroko Terasaki - Chapter 102 (Text only) 4. Vitrectomy Repair of Pseudophakic Rhegmatogenous Kourous Rezaei Retinal Detachment 23. Always Measure Prior to Trochar Insertion Bernd Kirchhof, Heinrich Heimann Stanislao Rizzo 5. Vitrectomy Repair of Rhegmatogenous Retinal 24. Suprachoroidal Infusion Detachment without Postoperative Tamponade Yusuke Oshima Vicente Martinez Castillo 25. Subretinal Insertion of Endo-illuminator 6. Optimal Procedures for Retinal Detachment Repair Kourous A. Rezaei G. William Aylward - Chapter 105 26. Dislocated IOL and Capsular Tension Ring Section 2: Complicated Forms of Retinal Detachment Andre Vieira Gomes 27. Iatrogenic Breaks during the Induction of Posterior 7. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy Vitreous Detachment Ian Constable - Chapter 107 Manish Nagpal 8. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy 28. Iatrogenic Macular Hole during VMT Surgery John T. Thompson Paul Sullivan 9. Relaxing Retinopathy: PVR / Retinal Detachment 29. Iatrogenic Breaks during the Delamination of Diabetic Gary W. Abrams, Enrique Garcia-Valenzuela, Sumit K. Nanda Traction Retinal Detachment 10. Posterior Segment Reconstruction of a Perforating Stratos Gotzaridis Ocular Injury 30. Point Pressure Hemostasis during Diabetic Vitrectomy Franco M. Recchia Ehab N. EL Rayes Section 3: Vitreous Surgery for Macular Disorders 31. Iatrogenic Retinal Break during ERM Peeling Paul Sullivan 11. Macular Hole 32. Subretinal Brilliant Blue Alain Gaudric - Chapter 117 J. Fernando Arevalo, Abdulaziz Adel Rushood a. Induction of Posterior Vitreous Detachment. Weiss’ ring and Posterior Hyaloid 33. Peripheral Retinal Detachment during Macular Hole b. Ablation of an Epimacular Membrane around the Macular Surgery Hole Stanley Chang c. Inner Limiting Membrane removal 34. Subretinal Hemorrhage 12. Macular Hole Surgery Manish Nagpal Raymond N. Sjaarda 35. Macular Fold 13. Membrane Peeling: Epiretinal Membrane Andre J. Witkin, Jason Hsu Robert N. Johnson, H. Richard McDonald, Everett Ai, 36. Subretinal Perfluorocarbon J. Michael Jumper, Arthur D. Fu Carl Claes 14. Surgical Management of Submacular Hemorrhage 37. Subretinal Perfluorocarbon Injection during En Bloc Nancy M. Holekamp, Henry C. Lee Perfluorodissection 15. 360 Macular Translocation J. Fernando Arevalo Cynthia A. Toth, Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, Marcin Stopa 38. Intraocular Foreign Body Dislodged on the Macula 16. Submacular Surgery of Peripapillary Choroidal Martin Charles Neovascular Membrane 39. Management of Massive Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage Lawrence P. Chong, Michael Samuel Jose Garcia Arumi 17. Vitrectomy and Membrane Peeling: Epiretinal Membrane 40. Hemorrhagic Choroidal Detachment after “One Stitch” Secondary to Inflammation and Retinal Detachment Vitrectomy Surgery Allen E. Kreiger, Christine R. Gonzales Susanne Binder 18. Submacular Surgery with Autologous Transplantation of 41. Dislocated Phakic IOL RPE Virgilio Morales-Canton Jan Van Meurs 42. Dislocation of the Tip of the Soft Tip Cannula 19. Vitrectomy for Myopic Foveoschisis Andre Vieira Gomes Yasushi Ikuno 43. Iatrogenic Peripheral Retinal Breaks during IOFB Extraction Martin Charles 44. Peri-silicone Proliferation 50. Intraocular Retinal Prosthesis Implantation Jose Garcia Arumi Mark Humayun x 45. Miragel Buckle Removal 51. Perflouron Placement and Subretinal Injection Stanislao Rizzo Procedure e s 46. Subconjunctival Silicone Oil Removal Albert M. Maguire, Jean Bennett - Chapter 34 blnt Susanne Binder 52. Pars Plana Implantation of a Sustained Steroid Drug ae Delivery System o Tont Section 6: Ocular Tumors Glen Jaffe eC Vidof 47. EBxerotirl eDsaemctaitoon - oCf hCahpoterro 1id4a7l Melanoma 53. DEdifufuarsdeo UCn. ildaet eSraolu zSau, bYaocsuhtitea kNae Nuarokansehtiimniatis 48. Iridocyclectomy for Ciliary Body Leiomyome 54. Subretinal Trypan Blue for Identifying Retinal Breaks Jennifer I. Lim V. Sivagnanavel, T. Jackson, A. Kwan, G. William Aylward 55. Vitrectomy for Trapped Pre-retinal Blood: “Shaken Section 7: Miscellaneous Baby” Syndrome 49. Vitreous Surgery for 4A Retinopathy of Prematurity Peter Wiedemann, Petra Meier Michael T. Trese Contributors Michael Abràmoff MD, PhD Marcos Ávila MD Alan C. Bird MD Associate Professor Professor Emeritus Professor Retina Service Head of the Department of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmic Genetics Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Federal University of Goias Institute of Ophthalmology Sciences Goiânia, GO, Brazil University College London Biomedical Engineering, and Electrical and Chapter 86 London, UK Computer Engineering Chapter 64 University of Iowa G. William Aylward FRCS, FRCOphth, MD Iowa City, IA, USA Consultant Vitreoretinal Surgeon Barbara A. Blodi MD Chapter 6 Moorfields Eye Hospital Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual London, UK Sciences Gary W. Abrams MD Chapter 105 University of Wisconsin School of Medicine The David Barsky MD Professor and Chair and Public Health Department of Ophthalmology Matthew Bedell MD Madison, WI, USA Wayne State University Clinical Research Fellow Chapter 48 Director, Kresge Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology Detroit, MI, USA Shiley Eye Center Mark S. Blumenkranz MD Chapter 108 University of California, San Diego Professor and Chair La Jolla, CA, USA Department of Ophthalmology Anita Agarwal MD Chapter 46 Stanford University Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Palo Alto, CA, USA Retina, Vitreous and Uveitis Rubens Belfort Jr MD, PhD, MBA Chapter 39, Chapter 67 Vanderbilt Eye Institute Head Professor of Ophthalmology Nashville, TN, USA Department of Ophthalmology H. Culver Boldt MD Chapter 129 Federal University of São Paulo Professor of Ophthalmology São Paulo, Brazil Department of Ophthalmology Everett Ai MD Chapter 85 University of Iowa Director, Ophthalmic Diagnostic Center Iowa City, IA, USA California Pacific Medical Center Jean Bennett MD, PhD Chapter 145 San Francisco, CA, USA F.M. Kirby Professor of Ophthalmology Chapter 1 Professor of Cell and Developmental Biology Norbert Bornfeld MD Department of Ophthalmology Professor Lloyd M. Aiello MD Scheie Eye Institute Center for Ophthalmology Director Emeritus University of Pennsylvania Perelman School University Hospital of Essen Beetham Eye Institute of Medicine Essen, Germany Joslin Diabetes Center Research Scientist Chapter 148 Boston, MA, USA Center for Cellular and Molecular Chapter 48 Therapeutics Ferdinando Bottoni MD, FEBO The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Staff Member Lloyd Paul Aiello MD, PhD Philadelphia, PA, USA Eye Clinic Professor of Ophthalmology Chapter 34 Department of Clinical Science Luigi Sacco Harvard Medical School Sacco Hospital, University of Milan Vice Chair, Centers of Excellence Chris Bergstrom MD, OD Milan, Italy Harvard Department of Ophthalmology Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Chapter 2 Medical Director of Ophthalmology Emory University Eye Center Brigham & Women’s Hospital Emory University School of Medicine Michael E. Boulton PhD Section Head, Eye Research Atlanta, GA, USA Professor Vice President of Ophthalmology Chapter 133 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Director, Beetham Eye Institute University of Florida Joslin Diabetes Center Cagri G. Besirli MD, PhD Gainesville, FL, USA Boston, MA, USA Fellow Chapter 24 Chapter 48 Retina and Uveitis Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sara J. Bowne PhD Daniel M. Albert MD, MS Sciences Faculty Associate, Human Genetics Center RRF Emmett A. Humble Distinguished University of Michigan Division of Epidemiology Director of the UW Eye Research Institute Ann Arbor, MI, USA Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences F.A. Davis and Lorenz E. Zimmerman Chapter 73 School of Public Health Professor The University of Texas Health Science Center Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Pramod S. Bhende MS at Houston Sciences Senior Consultant Houston, TX, USA University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery Chapter 31 Madison, WI, USA Sankara Nethralaya Chapter 138 Nungambakkam, Chennai, India Milam A. Brantley Jr MD, PhD Chapter 109 Assistant Professor Mathew W. Aschbrenner MD Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Instructor in Ophthalmology and Visual Susanne Binder MD Vanderbilt Eye Institute Science Professor Vanderbilt University Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Department of Ophthalmology Nashville, TN, USA Sciences Rudolph Foundation Hospital Chapter 22 Washington University School of Medicine (Rudolfstiftung) St Louis, MO, USA Vienna, Austria Chapter 119 Chapter 111 Neil M. Bressler MD Antonio Capone Jr MD, PhD Jeannie Chen PhD The James P. Gills Professor of Clinical Professor Professor Ophthalmology Oakland University/William Beaumont Department of Cell and Neurobiology xii Chief of the Retina Division Hospital School of Medicine Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute Wilmer Eye Institute Auburn Hills, MI Keck School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Professor, European School for Advanced University of Southern California s r Baltimore, MD, USA Studies in Ophthalmology Los Angeles, CA, USA o ut Chapter 65, Chapter 66 Lugano, Switzerland Chapter 14 b Partner, Associated Retinal Consultants ontri STuhesa Jnu lBia. GBr. eLsesvleyr, MPhDD Professor of RDoiryeaclt oOra. kV,i sMioIn Research Foundation YProoufxeisnso Crhen MD C Ophthalmology Novi, MI, USA Department of Ophthalmology Wilmer Eye Institute Chapter 137 Peking Union Medical College Hospital Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Beijing, PR China Baltimore, MD, USA David Carruthers MBBS, PhD, FRCP Chapter 91 Chapter 65, Chapter 66 Consultant Rheumatologist Birmingham City Hospital Carol Yim Lui Cheung PhD Andreas Bringmann PhD Birmingham, UK Research Scientist Associate Professor Chapter 80 Singapore Eye Research Institute Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Singapore Hospital Jerry D. Cavallerano OD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor University of Leipzig Optometrist Office of Clinical Sciences Leipzig, Germany Beetham Eye Institute Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Chapter 17 Joslin Diabetes Center Durham, NC, USA Associate Professor Chapter 49 Daniel A. Brinton MD Department of Ophthalmology Assistant Clinical Professor Harvard Medical School Emily Y. Chew MD Department of Ophthalmology Boston, MA, USA Chief of Clinical Trials University of California, San Francisco Chapter 48 Deputy Director San Francisco, CA, USA Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Chapter 103 Usha Chakravarthy MD, PhD Applications Professor of Ophthalmology and Vision National Eye Institute Gary C. Brown MD, MBA Science National Institutes of Health Chief and Attending Surgeon The Queen’s University Bethesda, MD, USA Retina Service, Wills Eye Institute Consultant in Ophthalmology Chapter 52, Chapter 55, Chapter 130 Professor of Ophthalmology The Belfast Health and Social Care Trust Jefferson Medical College Belfast, UK Allen Chiang MD Philadelphia, PA Chapter 94 Fellow in Vitreoretinal Surgery Chief Medical Officer Retina Service Center for Value-Based Medicine Chi-Chao Chan MD Wills Eye Institute Flourtown, PA, USA Chief, Immunopathology Section Philadelphia, PA, USA Chapter 59, Chapter 152 Laboratory of Immunology Chapter 103 Chief, Histology Core Justin C. Brown MD National Eye Institute Michael F. Chiang MD Medical and Surgical Retinal Fellow National Institutes of Health Professor of Ophthalmology The Wilmer Eye Institute Bethesda, MD, USA Professor of Medical Informatics and Clinical Johns Hopkins Hospital Chapter 25 Epidemiology Baltimore, MD, USA Oregon Health & Science University Chapter 92 Waiman Chan MBBS(HK), MRCP(UK), Portland, OR, USA FRCS(Edin), FRCP(Edin), FRCOphth(HK), Chapter 61, Chapter 62 Simon Brunner MD FRCOphth(UK), FHKAM (Ophthalmology) Professor of Ophthalmology Consultant Ian J. Constable FRANZCO, FRCSE, DSc Department of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology (Hon) Rudolph Foundation Hospital Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital Professor of Ophthalmology (Rudolfstiftung) Hong Kong Lions Eye Institute Vienna, Austria Chapter 72 University of Western Australia Chapter 111 Perth, Australia Steven Charles MD Chapter 107 Ronald A. Bush PhD Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology Staff Scientist University of Tennessee Gabriel Coscas MD, FEBO Section on Translational Research on Retinal College of Medicine Professor Emeritus of Ophthalmology and Macular Degeneration Memphis, TN, USA Department of Ophthalmology National Institute of Deafness and Other Chapter 101 University of Paris-East Créteil Val de Marne Communication Disorders Créteil, Paris, France National Institutes of Health David G. Charteris MD Chapter 30 Bethesda, MD, USA Consultant Vitreoretinal Surgeon Chapter 37 Moorfields Eye Hospital Alan F. Cruess MD, FRCSC London, UK Professor and Head Dingcai Cao PhD Chapter 29 District Chief, Capital Health Associate Professor Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Dong Feng Chen MD, PhD Sciences Sciences Associate Professor Dalhousie University University of Illinois at Chicago Schepens Eye Research Institute Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Chicago, IL, USA Department of Ophthalmology Chapter 131 Chapter 10 Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA Chapter 33 Emmett T. Cunningham Jr MD, PhD, MPH Alastair K. Denniston PhD, MRCP, Amani A. Fawzi MD Director, The Uveitis Service FRCOphth Associate Professor of Ophthalmology California Pacific Medical Center Clinical Lecturer Northwestern University, Feinberg School of xiii San Francisco, CA Academic Unit of Ophthalmology Medicine Adjunct Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology University of Birmingham Chicago, IL, USA Stanford University School of Medicine Birmingham, UK Chapter 44 s Stanford, CA Chapter 80 r o West Coast Retina Medical Group Sharon Fekrat MD, FACS ut San Francisco, CA, USA Ranjit S. Dhaliwal MD, FRCSC, FACS Associate Professor b Chapter 1 OAdphjutnhcatl mFaocluogltiyst VDietpreaortrmeteinnatl oSfu Orgpehrtyhalmology ontri Christine A. Curcio PhD Department of Ophthalmology Duke Eye Center C Professor of Ophthalmology Queen’s University School of Medicine Chief of Ophthalmology University of Alabama School of Medicine Kingston, Ontario, Canada Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center Birmingham, AL, USA Consultant Retinal Specialist and Founder Durham, NC, USA Chapter 20 Retina Consultants, PC (The Retina Eye Chapter 54 Center) Stephen P. Daiger PhD Augusta, GA, USA Steven E. Feldon MD TS Matney Professor of Environmental and Chapter 134, Chapter 155 Director, Flaum Eye Institute Genetic Sciences Professor and Chair Human Genetics Center Xiaoyan Ding MD, PhD Department of Ophthalmology Division of Epidemiology Associate Professor University of Rochester Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences Department of Retina Rochester, NY, USA School of Public Health Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center Chapter 12 The University of Texas Health Science Center Sun Yat-sen University at Houston Guangzhou, PR China Rodrigo A. Brant Fernandes MD Houston, TX, USA Chapter 41 Research Associate Chapter 31 Doheny Eye Institute Diana V. Do MD Keck School of Medicine Bertil E. Damato MD, PhD, FRCOphth Associate Professor of Ophthalmology University of Southern California Honorary Professor The Wilmer Eye Institute Los Angeles, CA, USA Ocular Oncology Service Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Chapter 126 Royal Liverpool University Hospital Baltimore, MD, USA Liverpool, UK Chapter 124, Chapter 155 Henry A. Ferreyra MD Chapter 147 Assistant Clinical Professor Guorui Dou MD, PhD Department of Ophthalmology Janet L. Davis MD, MA Professor Shiley Eye Center Professor of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology University of California, San Diego University of Miami Miller School of Xijing Hospital La Jolla, CA, USA Medicine Fourth Military Medical University Chapter 46 Miami, FL, USA Xi’an, PR China Chapter 87 Chapter 16 Deborah A. Ferrington PhD Associate Professor Matthew D. Davis MD William A. Dunn Jr PhD Department of Ophthalmology Emeritus Professor of Ophthalmology and Professor and Interim Chairman University of Minnesota Visual Sciences Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Minneapolis, MN, USA University of Wisconsin School of Medicine University of Florida College of Medicine Chapter 32 and Public Health Gainesville, FL, USA Madison, WI, USA Chapter 24 Frederick L. Ferris III MD Chapter 48 Director Justis P. Ehlers MD Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Shelley Day MD Staff Physician Applications Clinical Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Retina Service Clinical Director, Stanford University School of Medicine Cole Eye Institute National Eye Institute Palo Alto, CA, USA Cleveland Clinic Foundation National Institutes of Health Chapter 153 Cleveland, OH, USA Bethesda, MD, USA Chapter 70, Chapter 120 Chapter 47 Patrick De Potter MD, PhD Professor of Ophthalmology Michael Engelbert MD, PhD Paul T. Finger MD Chairman Attending Physician and Research Assistant Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology Ophthalmology Department Professor New York University School of Medicine Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc Department of Ophthalmology Director Catholic University of Leuven New York University School of Medicine The New York Eye Cancer Center Brussels, Belgium New York, NY, USA New York, NY, USA Chapter 58 Chapter 55 Chapter 149 Marc D. de Smet MDCM, PhD, FRCSC, Lisa J. Faia MD Steven K. Fisher PhD FRCOpth Vitreoretinal Surgery Fellow Research Professor Professor of Ophthalmology Associated Retinal Consultants Neuroscience Research Institute University of Amsterdam William Beaumont Hospital Professor Emeritus Amsterdam, The Netherlands Royal Oak, MI, USA Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Director of the Retina and Inflammation Unit Chapter 114 Biology Center for Specialized Ophthalmology University of California, Santa Barbara Clinique de Montchoisi Benedetto Falsini MD Santa Barbara, CA, USA GSMN Medical Networks Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Chapter 29 Lausanne, Switzerland Department of Ophthalmology Chapter 112 Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy Chapter 37 Gerald A. Fishman MD Arthur D. Fu MD Dan S. Gombos MD Director Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology Associate Professor Pangere Center for Inherited Retinal Diseases California Pacific Medical Center Chief, Section of Ophthalmology xiv The Chicago Lighthouse for People Who Are San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Head and Neck Surgery Blind or Visually Impaired Chapter 1 The University of Texas Professor Emeritus of Ophthalmology MD Anderson Cancer Center s r Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Carlos Alexandre de Amorim Garcia Filho Houston, TX, USA o ut Sciences MD Chapter 128 b UIC Eye Center Post Doctoral Associate ontri CChhaipcategro 4,3 IL, USA DBaespcaormtm Peanltm Oefr OEypeh tIhnasltmituotleogy LCionngsaumlta Gntopal MS, FRCS C University of Miami Miller School of Vitreo-retinal Services Monika Fleckenstein MD Medicine Sankara Nethralaya Ophthalmology Specialist Miami, FL, USA Medical and Vision Research foundations Department of Ophthalmology Chapter 3 Chennai, India University of Bonn Chapter 109 Bonn, Germany Enrique Garcia-Valenzuela MD, PhD Chapter 4 Clinical Assistant Professor Caroline Gordon MD, FRCP Department of Ophthalmology Professor of Rheumatology Harry W. Flynn Jr MD University of Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary School of Immunity and Infection Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Consulting Staff, Vitreo-Retinal Surgery College of Medical and Dental Sciences The J. Donald M. Gass Distinguished Chair in Midwest Retina Consultants, SC The Medical School Ophthalmology Parkside Center University of Birmingham Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Park Ridge, IL, USA Birmingham, UK Miami, FL, USA Chapter 108 Chapter 80 Chapter 87 Alain Gaudric MD Hiroshi Goto MD Andrew C. Fok MBChB, FRCS Professor of Ophthalmology Professor and Chairman Resident Specialist Hôpital Lariboisière Department of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Paris Diderot University Tokyo Medical University Hong Kong Eye Hospital Paris, France Tokyo, Japan. Kowloon, Hong Kong Chapter 117 Chapter 75 Chapter 72 Mary Gayed MBChB MRCP(UK) Evangelos S. Gragoudas MD Wallace S. Foulds CBE, MD, ChM, DSc, Academic Clinical Fellow Charles Edward Whitten Professor of FRCS, FRCOphth Rheumatology Ophthalmology Emeritus Professor of Ophthalmology Division of Immunity and Infection Harvard Medical School University of Glasgow Birmingham Medical School Director of Retina Service Glasgow, Scotland Birmingham, UK Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary Senior Consultant Chapter 80 Boston, MA, USA Singapore Eye Research Institute Chapter 146 Singapore Mohamed A. Genead MD Chapter 147 Ophthalmologist and Retinal Specialist Maria B. Grant MD Pangere Center for Hereditary Retinal Professor William R. Freeman MD Diseases Department of Pharmacology and Professor of Ophthalmology The Chicago Lighthouse for People Who Are Therapeutics Director of the Jacobs Retina Center Blind or Visually Impaired University of Florida, Gainesville Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Chicago, IL, USA Director of Translational Research Center Chapter 43 Department of Ophthalmology University of California, San Diego Gainesville, FL, USA La Jolla, CA, USA Heinrich Gerding MD Chapter 18 Chapter 81 Professor of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology W. Richard Green MD (posthumously) Aurélien Freton MD Pallas Clinic Former Independent Order of Odd Fellows Clinical Assistant Professor Olten, Switzerland Professor of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Chapter 136 Professor of Pathology Eye Saint Roch Hospital Pathology Laboratory Nice, France Andrea Giani MD Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Chapter 149 Ophthalmologist, Vitreo-Retinal Service Baltimore, MD, USA Eye Clinic Chapter 21 Martin Friedlander MD, PhD Department of Clinical Science Luigi Sacco Professor Sacco Hospital Ronald G. Gregg PhD Department of Cell Biology University of Milan Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular The Scripps Research Institute Milan, Italy Biology Division of Ophthalmology Chapter 2 Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Department of Surgery Sciences Scripps Clinic Morton F. Goldberg MD Director, Center for Genetics and Molecular La Jolla, CA, USA Joseph E. Green Professor of Ophthalmology Medicine Chapter 35 Director Emeritus University of Louisville Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute Louisville, KY, USA Laura J. Frishman PhD Department of Ophthalmology Chapter 15 Moores Professor, Vision Sciences Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine College of Optometry Baltimore, MD, USA Zdenek Gregor FRCS (Eng), FRCOphth University of Houston Chapter 57 Consultant Vitreoretinal Surgeon Houston, TX, USA Moorfields Eye Hospital Chapter 7 London, UK Chapter 116 Giovanni Gregori PhD Paul Hahn MD, PhD David R. Hinton MD Assistant Research Professor Fellow Gavin S. Herbert Professor of Retinal Department of Ophthalmology Vitreoretinal Surgery Research xv University of Miami Department of Ophthalmology Professor of Pathology and Ophthalmology Miller School of Medicine Duke Eye Center Keck School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA Durham, NC, USA University of Southern California s Chapter 3 Chapter 54 Los Angeles, CA, USA r o Chapter 16, Chapter 35 ut Kevin Gregory-Evans MD, PhD, FRCS, Julia A. Haller MD b FRCOphth Ophthalmologist-in-Chief Frank G. Holz MD, FEBO ri Julia Levy BC Leadership Chair in Macular Professor and Chair Professor and Chairman ont Research Department of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology C Professor in Ophthalmology Jefferson Medical College University of Bonn Department of Ophthalmology and Visual William Tasman, MD Endowed Chair in Bonn, Germany Sciences Ophthalmology Chapter 4 University of British Columbia Eye Care Wills Eye Institute Centre Philadelphia, PA, USA Samuel K. Houston MD Vancouver, BC, Canada Chapter 56 Resident Physician Chapter 40 Department of Ophthalmology J. William Harbour MD Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Seanna Grob MD, MAS Director, Center for Ocular Oncology University of Miami Miller School of Clinical Research Fellow Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Medicine Department of Ophthalmology Washington University School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA Shiley Eye Center St Louis, MO, USA Chapter 145 University of California, San Diego Chapter 128 La Jolla, CA, USA Yan-Nian Hui MD Chapter 46 Christos Haritoglou MD Professor Professor Department of Ophthalmology Carl Groenewald MD Department of Ophthalmology Xijing Hospital Consultant Ophthalmologist Ludwig Maximilians University Fourth Military Medical University St Paul’s Eye Unit Munich, Germany Xi’an, PR China Royal Liverpool University Hospital Chapter 127 Chapter 97 Liverpool, UK Chapter 147 Mary E. Hartnett MD, FACS Mark S. Humayun MD, PhD Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology Hans E. Grossniklaus MD, MBA Department of Ophthalmology Biomedical Engineering, Cell and F. Phinizy Calhoun Jr Professor of University of North Carolina Neurobiology Ophthalmology Chapel Hill, NC, USA Keck School of Medicine Director, L.F. Montgomery Pathology Chapter 95 University of Southern California Laboratory Associate Director of Research Director, Ocular Oncology and Pathology Barbara S. Hawkins PhD Doheny Eye Institute Service Professor Emeritus Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Ophthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology, School of Chapter 36, Chapter 38, Chapter 126 Emory University School of Medicine Medicine Atlanta, GA, USA Professor of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School Yasushi Ikuno MD Chapter 142 of Public Health Associate Professor Johns Hopkins University Department of Ophthalmology Sandeep Grover MD Baltimore, MD, USA Osaka University Graduate School of Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Chapter 70, Chapter 94, Chapter 150 Medicine Director, Inherited Retinal Diseases & Osaka, Japan Electrophysiology Shikun He MD Chapter 68, Chapter 113 University of Florida College of Medicine Associate Professor Jacksonville, FL, USA Department of Ophthalmology David Isaac MD Chapter 43 Doheny Eye Institute Assistant Professor University of Southern California Department of Ophthalmology Vamsi K. Gullapalli MD, PhD Los Angeles, CA, USA Federal University of Goias Associate Chapter 33 Goiânia, GO, Brazil Coastal Bend Retina Chapter 86 Corpus Christi, TX, USA Martina C. Herwig MD Chapter 125 Professor, Department of Ophthalmology Tatsuro Ishibashi MD, PhD Emory University School of Medicine Professor and Chairman Aditi Gupta MS, DNB Atlanta, GA, USA Department of Ophthalmology Clinical Fellow Professor, Department of Ophthalmology Graduate School of Medical Sciences Department of Vitreoretinal Services University of Bonn Kyushu University Sankara Nethralaya Bonn, Germany Fukuoka City, Japan Chennai, India Chapter 142 Chapter 68 Chapter 50 Florian M.A. Heussen MD Douglas A. Jabs MD, MBA Rudolf F. Guthoff MD Resident Physician Professor and Chair Head Department of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology University Eye Department Charité – University Medicine Berlin Mount Sinai School of Medicine University of Rostock Berlin, Germany New York, NY, USA Rostock, Germany Chapter 60 Chapter 78 Chapter 9 Glenn J. Jaffe MD Professor of Ophthalmology Chief, Vitreoretinal Service Director, Duke Reading Center Durham, NC, USA Chapter 79
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