Rethinking Violence: States and Non-State Actors in Conflict

304 Pages·2010·1.16 MB·English

R E T H I N K I N G V I O L E N C E
States and Non-State Actors
in Conflict
ERICA CHENOWETH
AND
ADRIA LAWRENCE,
EDITORS
FOREWORD BY STATHIS N. KALYVAS
Rethinking Violence
The Belfer Center Studies in International Security book series is edited at
the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Harvard Ken-
nedy School of Government and is published by The MIT Press. The series
publishes books on contemporary issues in international security policy, as
well as their conceptual and historical foundations. Topics of particular inter-
est to the series include the spread of weapons of mass destruction, internal
confl ict, the international effects of democracy and democratization, and U.S.
defense policy.
A complete list of Belfer Center Studies appears at the back of this volume.
Rethinking Violence
States and Non-State Actors In Confl ict
Erica Chenoweth and Adria Lawrence, editors
Belfer Center Studies in International Security
The MIT Press
Cambridge, Massachusetts
London, England
©2010 Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by
any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or
information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the
publisher. For more information, contact the MIT Press, 55 Hayward Street,
Cambridge, MA 02142.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Rethinking violence : states and non-state actors in confl ict /
edited by Erica Chenoweth and Adria Lawrence.
p. cm. — (Belfer Center studies in international security)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-262-01420-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-262-51428-6
(pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Confl ict management. 2. Ethnic confl ict—Prevention.
3. Political violence—Prevention. 4. Forced migration. 5. War—Moral and
ethical aspects. I. Chenoweth, Erica, 1980– II. Lawrence, Adria, 1973– III.
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.
JZ6374.R48 2010
303.6—dc22 2010003877
To our parents, to Allison and Matt, and to William Ian Chenoweth and
Audrey Elena Kocher, in the hopes that they will know a less violent world.

Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Foreword Internal Confl ict and Political Violence: xi
New Developments in Research
Stathis N. Kalyvas

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Adria Lawrence and Erica Chenoweth
PART I: RETHINKING STATE VIOLENCE 21

Chapter 2 Targeting Civilians to Win? Assessing 23
the Military Effectiveness of Civilian
Victimization in Interstate War
Alexander B. Downes and Kathryn McNabb Cochran
Chapter 3 War, Collaboration, and Endogenous 57
Ethnic Polarization: The Path to Ethnic
Cleansing
H. Zeynep Bulutgil
Chapter 4 Assimilation and its Alternatives: Caveats 83
in the Study of Nation-building Policies
Harris Mylonas
Chapter 5 Ethnic Partition under the League of 117
Nations: The Cases of Population Exchanges
in the Interwar Balkans
Erin K. Jenne
viii | contents
PART II: RETHINKING NON-STATE VIOLENCE 141
Chapter 6 Driven to Arms? The Escalation to Violence 143
in Nationalist Confl icts
Adria Lawrence
Chapter 7 Dissent, Repression, and Inconsistency 173
Kathleen Gallagher Cunningham And Emily Beaulieu
Chapter 8 A Composite-Actor Approach to 197
Confl ict Behavior
Wendy Pearlman
Chapter 9 The Turn to Violence in Separatist Struggles 221
in Chechnya and Punjab
Kristin M. Bakke
Chapter 10 Mobilization and Resistance: A Framework 249
for Analysis
Erica Chenoweth and Maria J. Stephan
Contributors 277
Index 280
About the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs 289
Acknowledgments
This project would have been impossible without the help and support
of numerous friends and colleagues. At the Belfer Center for Science
and International Affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School, we are grate-
ful to Steven Miller, Stephen Walt, Robert Rotberg, and Sean Lynn-Jones
for their support of this project, as well as their incisive comments and
their mentorship. The essays contained in this book were the product of a
workshop called “Paths to Violence,” hosted by the International Security
Program and held at the Harvard Kennedy School in April 2008. Special
thanks are due to Matthew Fuhrmann and Matthew Adam Kocher, both of
whom attended the entire workshop and painstakingly reviewed the pa-
pers. Karen Motley has been a stellar editor. Without her, this book would
not have been possible. We thank her for her efforts, effi ciency, and good
cheer. We also thank Nicholas Quah for assistance in preparing the index.
Our cohort at the Belfer Center from 2007–2008 was an especially vibrant
and engaging collection of scholars, and we are particularly grateful to
Boaz Atzili, Emma Belcher, Jonathan Caverley, Erik Dahl, Ehud Eiran, Mi-
chal Ben-Josef Hirsch, Sarah Kreps, Matthew Kroenig, and Phil Potter for
their encouragement throughout the project. And, of course, without Su-
san Lynch, all of us would have been lost.
In addition, Chenoweth gratefully acknowledges her colleagues in
the Government Department at Wesleyan University, whose friendship
and support make life at Wesleyan a true joy. The International Center on
Nonviolent Confl ict has been a constant source of new ideas and oppor-
tunities, and she especially thanks Jack DuVall, Peter Ackerman, Hardy
Merriman, and Stephen Zunes for their continued support of her work.
She is especially grateful to Maria Stephan for their collaboration, and for
giving her so many opportunities and so much encouragement to pursue
interesting new questions. Chenoweth also thanks her mentors and col-
leagues at the University of Colorado. Jessica Teets, Orion Lewis, Michael
Touchton, Helga Sverrisdottir, and Marilyn Averill remain great friends
and colleagues, and Colin Dueck, Susan Clarke, Steve Chan, David Leb-
lang, and Jennifer Fitzgerald all gave invaluable mentorship and advice
that have carried her through all stages of her career. Chenoweth also